Adrenal Fatigue When Exercising,Hogan Progetto Donna Cioccolato Bianco
Adrenal fatigue is a condition where the adrenal glands are overworked and unable to produce sufficient amounts of cortisol (hormones). Adrenal fatigue is very common and many undiagnosed medical problems can be caused by it. Are you tired all the time? Cannot sleep at night? Suffering from depression and weight gain even though you are trying to eat right and exercise? You may be suffering from adrenal fatigue.
Other symptoms include fatigue, weakness, autoimmune disorders, immune system suppression,see more, hormonal imbalances, skin problems, hair loss, cold intolerance cravings, salt and / or sugar and many others. Suppressor of life, lack of adequate rest and a poor diet are contributing to adrenal fatigue. Many people are experiencing symptoms of adrenal fatigue and do not realize. Adrenal fatigue can cause hypotension, depression,Hogan Donna Argento Interactive online sale, nervousness, weight loss, hair loss, obesity, compromised immune system,Hogan nouveau noir interactive femmes 2012, skin discoloration, and food craving.
The adrenal gland is a small organ located in the top of each kidney. It is the adrenal cortex and medulla, which are responsible for hormone production. The cortex produces cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, while the bone marrow produces adrenaline and noradrenaline.
The adrenal medulla is responsible for the flow of adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones that are inflamed or flight response flight, causing blood pressure to increase, blood sugar rises in intensity and focus. When a person is in a constant state of anxiety, this will cause the bone marrow to produce more of these hormones.
The causes of adrenal fatigue may be chronic daily stress. When there effectively manage stress the adrenal glands that produce a large amount of cortisol. In order to reverse adrenal fatigue,HOGAN VALENCIA NERO CERBIATTO DONNA, you have to learn to manage stress. Some of the best people are some of the tired, because I know how to tell people. Do not push beyond their physical or emotional. Listen to your body when he says he's tired. When you're tired and exhausted that he could not have the energy to try something new, but taking good vitamins and trying to get a little exercise goes a long way. Be patient with yourself and give your body time to heal. Before you know it you'll be happy and healthy again. 相关的主题文章：
2012年6月29日星期五
A Bunk Bed Is A Space-saving, Cost-cutting Way To Accommodate.
A Bunk Bed Is A Space-saving,Hogan Uomo Oympia Scarpe Colore Chiaro, Cost-cutting Way To Accommodate.
Double your kids' fun with a custom bedroom idea that's twice the comfort, twice the excitement, and twice the convenience of any other - custom kids bunk beds. Whether you're decorating a kids room meant to be shared by siblings or a bedroom for just one kid who happens to have frequent overnight guests, a bunk bed is a space-saving, cost-cutting way to accommodate. Also siblings don't always get along, but when they do it's an unbreakable bond like no other. Giving your siblings a bunk bed to share is one way to help foster that kind of closeness you crave for them. Sleeping above or below one's brother or sister is a precious shared life experience the two of them will cherish for the rest of their lives?
The two individual beds in bunk beds are as distinct as the two individuals sleeping there. The top bunk offers a bird's eye perspective on world, a far-reaching vantage point that's open and expansive. The bottom bunk offers a canopy style sheltering effect that provides a sense of privacy and of safety and security, like sleeping in a den. Chances are, if you have two kids,Hogan nouveau bleu interactivefemmes 2012, one will resonate more with the former and the other with the latter. If not, if they both like both experiences,Hogan Donna Interactive Scarpe Argento Nero in vendita a basso costo, then the siblings can take turns, switching off top and bottom bunks as regularly and frequently as they wish.
Also, size is a very important factor. Most bunk beds come in twin over twin size but twin over twin bunk beds and full over full are available. There are several advantages to having one or the other but it really comes down to the comfort of your children. A twin size may be too small for older children while a full size can take up a bit of room as they are quite hefty. Determine what size your children need and you've narrowed down your choices a bit,see more!
Bunk beds help even the laziest children to get at least a moment of exercise. Climbing up and down the ladder of a bunk bed helps build power in the arms and legs; it also gives a brief cardiovascular boost,Hogan scarpe donna in pelle 525 nera, and helps kids grow better muscular coordination. Once you have decided to buy twin over twin bunk beds for your kids, the big question is to find one at a right price. Nowadays your best bet is to buy online; These online shopping sites are cheap as they have no warehousing cost and cater to large customer base there by saving by purchasing more from the manufacturer, Benefits of which are passed on to the customer. They have wide variety of good quality cheap bunk beds. Also for all your efforts you will save your time and your money. 相关的主题文章：
Double your kids' fun with a custom bedroom idea that's twice the comfort, twice the excitement, and twice the convenience of any other - custom kids bunk beds. Whether you're decorating a kids room meant to be shared by siblings or a bedroom for just one kid who happens to have frequent overnight guests, a bunk bed is a space-saving, cost-cutting way to accommodate. Also siblings don't always get along, but when they do it's an unbreakable bond like no other. Giving your siblings a bunk bed to share is one way to help foster that kind of closeness you crave for them. Sleeping above or below one's brother or sister is a precious shared life experience the two of them will cherish for the rest of their lives?
The two individual beds in bunk beds are as distinct as the two individuals sleeping there. The top bunk offers a bird's eye perspective on world, a far-reaching vantage point that's open and expansive. The bottom bunk offers a canopy style sheltering effect that provides a sense of privacy and of safety and security, like sleeping in a den. Chances are, if you have two kids,Hogan nouveau bleu interactivefemmes 2012, one will resonate more with the former and the other with the latter. If not, if they both like both experiences,Hogan Donna Interactive Scarpe Argento Nero in vendita a basso costo, then the siblings can take turns, switching off top and bottom bunks as regularly and frequently as they wish.
Also, size is a very important factor. Most bunk beds come in twin over twin size but twin over twin bunk beds and full over full are available. There are several advantages to having one or the other but it really comes down to the comfort of your children. A twin size may be too small for older children while a full size can take up a bit of room as they are quite hefty. Determine what size your children need and you've narrowed down your choices a bit,see more!
Bunk beds help even the laziest children to get at least a moment of exercise. Climbing up and down the ladder of a bunk bed helps build power in the arms and legs; it also gives a brief cardiovascular boost,Hogan scarpe donna in pelle 525 nera, and helps kids grow better muscular coordination. Once you have decided to buy twin over twin bunk beds for your kids, the big question is to find one at a right price. Nowadays your best bet is to buy online; These online shopping sites are cheap as they have no warehousing cost and cater to large customer base there by saving by purchasing more from the manufacturer, Benefits of which are passed on to the customer. They have wide variety of good quality cheap bunk beds. Also for all your efforts you will save your time and your money. 相关的主题文章：
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Can Syntek Global Cut Costs And in addition The Planet Simultaneously
Can Syntek Global Cut Costs And in addition The Planet Simultaneously
You should be trying to find Syntek Global reviews mainly because either you need to know if the is among the major Multi-level Advertising businesses to start building and even it genuinely is considerably additional of the Syntek scam and they are only right here to tear men and women off. You may be amid the battling affiliates from your company who is not seriously obtaining the enormous outcome you had been assured. So hello, Steven right here and you are merely reading via by way of my Syntek Global review to assist you using the earlier pointed out complications and on top of that to train you to unquestionably sell lots of items successfully and reasonably. But let me to warn you,HOGAN DONNA REBEL HIP-TOP BEIGE, we'll uncover some dirty minor strategies if this includes effective marketing and when acquiring an unfair advantage just isn't your appear you could not wish to carry on reading by this Market Samurai publish.
You could have heard some complaints regarding the company (even calling it Syntek Global scam) but trust me they are not worth to take into account them seriously as people whispers are distributed around by not successful ex-marketers (folks Syntek Global marketers understand how you can distribute unhealthy news, but they do not recognize ways to distribute the products). That is what the company is about: Syntek Global supplies a means of motorists to enhance the duration on the vehicle's engine, in addition towards the horsepower.
Syntek Global XFT and Market Samurai
The Xtreme Fuel Remedy approaches are an item that is made to reduce the fuel consumption and after that the polluting pollutants,chick here, together with it save true money for that customers. Though making use of XFT fuel and turning into many individuals execute the exact same can definitely truly make a distinction in regards to decreasing pollutants, and Climatic Alter during the globe Earth (as that is a central difficulty). The company has terrific mission, and despite the fact that it can be actually an independent critique, and i am not related with this company, even so i'm generating a Network Marketing business that props up very same mission.
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Here's anything I really don't like about Syntek Global, nor will i like concerning the whole Network Marketing industry and that's the "low crappy commissions". This is 1 way it definitely operates: the merchandise product sales each you along with your group distribute determines your commissions most MLM providers pay out all around 50% commissions and you'll normally be needed to recruit a lot of people to earn some true full-time earnings (having said that, precisely the same thing goes with all of MLM business prospects). No matter this based on the latest discovery from your "Commission Loophole" persons could possibly get 100% commissions. Really worthwhile,Tods donne Gommino scarpe Giallo, but let's continue our topic for your time currently being,Marrone Hogan Interactive grande promozione!
Syntek Global - How it is possible to Fuel Up You Business?!
Sponsoring reps is regarded since the lucrative method to making this Syntek Global biz since they should acquire the objects month-to-month.
You'll need to find out Cutting-Edge to be capable to have the ability to sponsor substantial quantities of men and women incredibly very easily. I definitely want you to place your recent e mail deal with across the form below to acquire Absolutely free Access straight away to my Leverage MLM Way of life Advertising and marketing Teaching that in the end performs in case you apply (a little something eventually, correct). Thank you for reading through via this evaluation, please return the favour by discussing this publish on Facebook and Twitter!
相关的主题文章：
You should be trying to find Syntek Global reviews mainly because either you need to know if the is among the major Multi-level Advertising businesses to start building and even it genuinely is considerably additional of the Syntek scam and they are only right here to tear men and women off. You may be amid the battling affiliates from your company who is not seriously obtaining the enormous outcome you had been assured. So hello, Steven right here and you are merely reading via by way of my Syntek Global review to assist you using the earlier pointed out complications and on top of that to train you to unquestionably sell lots of items successfully and reasonably. But let me to warn you,HOGAN DONNA REBEL HIP-TOP BEIGE, we'll uncover some dirty minor strategies if this includes effective marketing and when acquiring an unfair advantage just isn't your appear you could not wish to carry on reading by this Market Samurai publish.
You could have heard some complaints regarding the company (even calling it Syntek Global scam) but trust me they are not worth to take into account them seriously as people whispers are distributed around by not successful ex-marketers (folks Syntek Global marketers understand how you can distribute unhealthy news, but they do not recognize ways to distribute the products). That is what the company is about: Syntek Global supplies a means of motorists to enhance the duration on the vehicle's engine, in addition towards the horsepower.
Syntek Global XFT and Market Samurai
The Xtreme Fuel Remedy approaches are an item that is made to reduce the fuel consumption and after that the polluting pollutants,chick here, together with it save true money for that customers. Though making use of XFT fuel and turning into many individuals execute the exact same can definitely truly make a distinction in regards to decreasing pollutants, and Climatic Alter during the globe Earth (as that is a central difficulty). The company has terrific mission, and despite the fact that it can be actually an independent critique, and i am not related with this company, even so i'm generating a Network Marketing business that props up very same mission.
Click the hyperlink to uncover Steven's suggested Network Marketing business, that props up same mission,Hogan nouvelle beige interactive femmes 2012!
Here's anything I really don't like about Syntek Global, nor will i like concerning the whole Network Marketing industry and that's the "low crappy commissions". This is 1 way it definitely operates: the merchandise product sales each you along with your group distribute determines your commissions most MLM providers pay out all around 50% commissions and you'll normally be needed to recruit a lot of people to earn some true full-time earnings (having said that, precisely the same thing goes with all of MLM business prospects). No matter this based on the latest discovery from your "Commission Loophole" persons could possibly get 100% commissions. Really worthwhile,Tods donne Gommino scarpe Giallo, but let's continue our topic for your time currently being,Marrone Hogan Interactive grande promozione!
Syntek Global - How it is possible to Fuel Up You Business?!
Sponsoring reps is regarded since the lucrative method to making this Syntek Global biz since they should acquire the objects month-to-month.
You'll need to find out Cutting-Edge to be capable to have the ability to sponsor substantial quantities of men and women incredibly very easily. I definitely want you to place your recent e mail deal with across the form below to acquire Absolutely free Access straight away to my Leverage MLM Way of life Advertising and marketing Teaching that in the end performs in case you apply (a little something eventually, correct). Thank you for reading through via this evaluation, please return the favour by discussing this publish on Facebook and Twitter!
相关的主题文章：
Adoration Prayer - An Ode to God
Adoration Prayer - An Ode to God
An adoration prayer is a prayer in which we come before a holy God with a heart of praise and worship. We have the opportunity to give honor to Him for His unconditional love. A perfect love that He shows us in spite of our sinful nature (Romans 5:8). We adore Him for who He is, for what He has done, and what He is doing continually in our lives. We acknowledge His sovereignty and authority over our lives and thank Him for guiding our footsteps on this Christian journey. We thank Him for His many blessings. Most of all we thank Him for His never-ending mercy and grace. In an adoration prayer,Hogan scarpe donna in pelle 525 nera, we find comfort in God's presence and give Him the praise for the joy and elation He has placed in our hearts. God has stated in His Word that we are to love Him with all our heart,Argento Nero Hogan Oympia Scarpe, mind and soul (Matthew 22:37). This is our opportunity to express our love to Him.
God inhabits the praises of His people (Psalm 150:1-6). Praising God is a wonderful solution for the many evil attacks that we deal with everyday; while acknowledging that God has power over every person,Hogan scarpe donna nuovo arrivo 2012 grigio, thing,Hogan Interactive Donna 2012 Rosa Giallo, and circumstance. This is our opportunity to express to God that we are nothing without Him; but,Hogan Grigio Interactive Sconto grande vendita, everything through Him. An adoration prayer allows us to focus and acknowledge God's existence and give Him all the praise for His benevolence. We never want to forget that God is the author and finisher of our faith (Hebrews 12:2). We should always remember to approach the Throne of Grace with humility and gratitude toward a loving God.相关的主题文章：
An adoration prayer is a prayer in which we come before a holy God with a heart of praise and worship. We have the opportunity to give honor to Him for His unconditional love. A perfect love that He shows us in spite of our sinful nature (Romans 5:8). We adore Him for who He is, for what He has done, and what He is doing continually in our lives. We acknowledge His sovereignty and authority over our lives and thank Him for guiding our footsteps on this Christian journey. We thank Him for His many blessings. Most of all we thank Him for His never-ending mercy and grace. In an adoration prayer,Hogan scarpe donna in pelle 525 nera, we find comfort in God's presence and give Him the praise for the joy and elation He has placed in our hearts. God has stated in His Word that we are to love Him with all our heart,Argento Nero Hogan Oympia Scarpe, mind and soul (Matthew 22:37). This is our opportunity to express our love to Him.
God inhabits the praises of His people (Psalm 150:1-6). Praising God is a wonderful solution for the many evil attacks that we deal with everyday; while acknowledging that God has power over every person,Hogan scarpe donna nuovo arrivo 2012 grigio, thing,Hogan Interactive Donna 2012 Rosa Giallo, and circumstance. This is our opportunity to express to God that we are nothing without Him; but,Hogan Grigio Interactive Sconto grande vendita, everything through Him. An adoration prayer allows us to focus and acknowledge God's existence and give Him all the praise for His benevolence. We never want to forget that God is the author and finisher of our faith (Hebrews 12:2). We should always remember to approach the Throne of Grace with humility and gratitude toward a loving God.相关的主题文章：
Baby Halloween Costumes So Adorable You Will Squeal With Delight!
Baby Halloween Costumes So Adorable You Will Squeal With Delight!
Who doesn't smile at the sight of an adorable baby all dressed up as a sweet-pea or pumpkin? Halloween is the perfect time for dress-up! Obviously, not all children will be able to partake in the Halloween treats, but they can be dressed adorably in Halloween costumes. Don't despair if you find you lack the time to sew a homemade baby or toddler Halloween costume. Costumes are easily found from the teeny tiniest infant Halloween costume to baby and toddler sizes.
The only problem you may encounter when baby Halloween costume shopping is choosing just one! There is a plethora of styles available. Classic, cute infant Halloween costumes include pumpkins, carrots and spiders. More daring styles are that of little devils, witches or monster infant costumes.
You will find that infant costumes come with either a hat or some other head adornment. For obvious reasons any type of mask should be avoided on a baby. Anyone who has spent any time with an infant knows right-off that everything goes into their mouth. If an infant Halloween costume does come with a hat, make sure it stays secure with a strap of some kind.
Have a child past the infant stage? Well then, your options are endless,Hogan scarpe donna nuovo arrivo 2012 riso giallo! Popular toddler Halloween costumes include recent movie characters and the always popular superhero. And what store could hold its head high without the forever popular witches, ghosts & goblins? If you are shopping for a toddler, there will be no shortage of costume options.
Some great ideas for girl's costumes include witches, fairies, and even angels. Dora the Explorer, Bratz,Marrone Hogan Uomo Interactive, and even Shrek are great movies and TV shows that many costumes are created after, along with the many Disney movies that are both new and classic. Girls can even dress up as pirates, goblins, and other scary characters if they like.
Boys, too, have a lot to choose from for Halloween. Whatever their ages,Nero Albicocca Hogan Progetto Donna, they can be their favorite superhero,Hogan Donna Scarpe Interactive Beige Sconto grande vendita, a zombie back from the dead, or Harry Potter, for example. They should have no problem finding something to fulfill whatever fantasy they have. Little boys old enough to wear a mask also love wearing these, since for this fun filled day, they can look like this like their favorite character.
You can find baby Halloween costumes for your children online. If you do your shopping online, take care to make sure that the costumes you buy will fit; many places have size measurement charts directly on their site so that you can choose the right fit for your child's measurements. Whether your child wants to impersonate a favorite superhero, a fairy princess,Hogan Progetto Donna Blu Albicocca, or the most recent popular movie character, you should have no trouble finding what you need. Halloween is meant to be fun for parents as well as children, so celebrate on this most special day. Perhaps you'd even like to dress up, too.
相关的主题文章：
Who doesn't smile at the sight of an adorable baby all dressed up as a sweet-pea or pumpkin? Halloween is the perfect time for dress-up! Obviously, not all children will be able to partake in the Halloween treats, but they can be dressed adorably in Halloween costumes. Don't despair if you find you lack the time to sew a homemade baby or toddler Halloween costume. Costumes are easily found from the teeny tiniest infant Halloween costume to baby and toddler sizes.
The only problem you may encounter when baby Halloween costume shopping is choosing just one! There is a plethora of styles available. Classic, cute infant Halloween costumes include pumpkins, carrots and spiders. More daring styles are that of little devils, witches or monster infant costumes.
You will find that infant costumes come with either a hat or some other head adornment. For obvious reasons any type of mask should be avoided on a baby. Anyone who has spent any time with an infant knows right-off that everything goes into their mouth. If an infant Halloween costume does come with a hat, make sure it stays secure with a strap of some kind.
Have a child past the infant stage? Well then, your options are endless,Hogan scarpe donna nuovo arrivo 2012 riso giallo! Popular toddler Halloween costumes include recent movie characters and the always popular superhero. And what store could hold its head high without the forever popular witches, ghosts & goblins? If you are shopping for a toddler, there will be no shortage of costume options.
Some great ideas for girl's costumes include witches, fairies, and even angels. Dora the Explorer, Bratz,Marrone Hogan Uomo Interactive, and even Shrek are great movies and TV shows that many costumes are created after, along with the many Disney movies that are both new and classic. Girls can even dress up as pirates, goblins, and other scary characters if they like.
Boys, too, have a lot to choose from for Halloween. Whatever their ages,Nero Albicocca Hogan Progetto Donna, they can be their favorite superhero,Hogan Donna Scarpe Interactive Beige Sconto grande vendita, a zombie back from the dead, or Harry Potter, for example. They should have no problem finding something to fulfill whatever fantasy they have. Little boys old enough to wear a mask also love wearing these, since for this fun filled day, they can look like this like their favorite character.
You can find baby Halloween costumes for your children online. If you do your shopping online, take care to make sure that the costumes you buy will fit; many places have size measurement charts directly on their site so that you can choose the right fit for your child's measurements. Whether your child wants to impersonate a favorite superhero, a fairy princess,Hogan Progetto Donna Blu Albicocca, or the most recent popular movie character, you should have no trouble finding what you need. Halloween is meant to be fun for parents as well as children, so celebrate on this most special day. Perhaps you'd even like to dress up, too.
相关的主题文章：
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2012年6月28日星期四
Abusive Relationship - 6 Points Of Inquiry In Discovering If You're In An Abusive Relationship
Abusive Relationship - 6 Points Of Inquiry In Discovering If You're In An Abusive Relationship
It's no secret that we see what we project. And when it comes to partner abuse, doing so can have repercussions for all of us.
Prior abuse in one's life can set the stage for misinterpretations of our adult partner's actions, intentions, feelings and relationship to us.
Now this doesn't mean that when one comes from some type of childhood abuse that perceived intimate partner abuse,mbt schuhe günstig, or even "controlling" behavior,Mbt Schuhe Flamme, isn't real. As we also know there is a greater likelihood of prior childhood abuse (whether emotional, verbal, physical or sexual) for individuals in adult abusive relationships.
Properly Identifying "Intimate Partner Violence"
What it does mean is that when abuse is felt,MBT Sirima Schuhe, one ought to ask themselves:
1) What do I see in my relationship?
2) What do I feel in my relationship?
3) How has this relationship impacted my thoughts, feelings, and behavior relative to myself?
4) How has this relationship impacted my thoughts,Mbt Moto Stiefel, feelings,MBT Kisumu 2 Sandale, and behavior relative to my partner?
5) How do other people see my partner in general?
6) And, how do they see my partner in relation to me?
The wealth of information that comes forth in such an inquiry can help one parse out "intimate partner violence" from the backdrop of their individual personal history.
It will also help the victim recognize the constellation of symptoms that define intimate partner violence. And this will arm them with insight on how to recognize the "red flags" of intimate partner abuse. With this knowledge,MBT Schuhe Amali, one can stop guessing and instantly begin to properly manage and treat their current circumstances.
Impact of Improperly Assuming "Intimate Partner Violence"
As far as the repercussions of inaccurately defining abuse...brace yourself for the enormous impact on all of us: oneself, one's partner,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, and the public in general.
For oneself: Improperly defining a condition prevents one from seeing what they are actually dealing with and consequently prevents remedy.
For one's partner: Improperly accusing one of being an abuser falsely labels another person socially and/or psychologically.
For society at large: Making accusations of abuse or allegations of abuse, especially in the break-up phase of a relationship, casts doubt in the public when domestic abuse victims do bring forth the courage to reach out. And when there is doubt, legitimate help may not be forth coming.
Domestic abuse is not a subject to take lightly, nor is it a condition to self-diagnose. Rather it is a real relationship problem that requires objective and accurate identification. 相关的主题文章：
It's no secret that we see what we project. And when it comes to partner abuse, doing so can have repercussions for all of us.
Prior abuse in one's life can set the stage for misinterpretations of our adult partner's actions, intentions, feelings and relationship to us.
Now this doesn't mean that when one comes from some type of childhood abuse that perceived intimate partner abuse,mbt schuhe günstig, or even "controlling" behavior,Mbt Schuhe Flamme, isn't real. As we also know there is a greater likelihood of prior childhood abuse (whether emotional, verbal, physical or sexual) for individuals in adult abusive relationships.
Properly Identifying "Intimate Partner Violence"
What it does mean is that when abuse is felt,MBT Sirima Schuhe, one ought to ask themselves:
1) What do I see in my relationship?
2) What do I feel in my relationship?
3) How has this relationship impacted my thoughts, feelings, and behavior relative to myself?
4) How has this relationship impacted my thoughts,Mbt Moto Stiefel, feelings,MBT Kisumu 2 Sandale, and behavior relative to my partner?
5) How do other people see my partner in general?
6) And, how do they see my partner in relation to me?
The wealth of information that comes forth in such an inquiry can help one parse out "intimate partner violence" from the backdrop of their individual personal history.
It will also help the victim recognize the constellation of symptoms that define intimate partner violence. And this will arm them with insight on how to recognize the "red flags" of intimate partner abuse. With this knowledge,MBT Schuhe Amali, one can stop guessing and instantly begin to properly manage and treat their current circumstances.
Impact of Improperly Assuming "Intimate Partner Violence"
As far as the repercussions of inaccurately defining abuse...brace yourself for the enormous impact on all of us: oneself, one's partner,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, and the public in general.
For oneself: Improperly defining a condition prevents one from seeing what they are actually dealing with and consequently prevents remedy.
For one's partner: Improperly accusing one of being an abuser falsely labels another person socially and/or psychologically.
For society at large: Making accusations of abuse or allegations of abuse, especially in the break-up phase of a relationship, casts doubt in the public when domestic abuse victims do bring forth the courage to reach out. And when there is doubt, legitimate help may not be forth coming.
Domestic abuse is not a subject to take lightly, nor is it a condition to self-diagnose. Rather it is a real relationship problem that requires objective and accurate identification. 相关的主题文章：
Affiliate Andy abode mbt shoes uk
Affiliate Andy abode mbt shoes uk,Mbt Schuhe Flamme
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In his view, the inherent compassionate of what led to such a workplace, the abstraction that the added academic the added effective. "When an industry is a assurance of things replaced, the world's point of appearance in account of this industry is so career wear,Mbt Schuhe Meli, if you accept a business to go anarchistic route,Mbt Schuhe Wingu, will be that companies are not academic or There are some problems. "
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Of course, the abode is not static, an boilerplate of 56% of appointment workers who play or barbecue at the bank cutting a swimsuit or bikini bluff derma appropriate convenance with favor,Mbt Laufschuhe, just in admeasurement to the boilerplate Chinese.
Liu Xiaokui that a set of accouterment in China afore you can appear all occasions,MBT Sirima Schuhe, has passed, the appulse of Western culture, Chinese humans at altered times on altered occasions to abrasion altered clothes acquaintance has become more clear.
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Abortion Persuasive Speech
Abortion Persuasive Speech,Mbt Schuhe Nafasi
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Our essay writing services has the best persuasive speech essay services which can help you write your academic speeches such as abortion speech papers,Mbt Sandalen Pia, speeches on gun control,mbt schuhe, persuasive speech research papers and global warming persuasive speeches. We ensure our essays are written by qualified writers who are serious with their work. When placing your persuasive speech order with us we ensure that all your instructions have been followed so as to provide you with custom writings. When writing your persuasive speech or any other academic paper we use academic sources of information so as to get relevant information. Most of online essay writing services do not have enough time to go for serious essay research and that is why all their essays are below standard level. We are proud because our persuasive speeches and other essays have helped us to be the best online essay writing company for all academic levels. Our essay writers have made the best essay writing record of supporting more than 15000 students and providing them with custom essay writing services. Persuasive speech papers are certain kind of academic essays which are required to pass some important information to the audience. When writing your persuasive speeches you are required to determine your audience so that your paper is in a position to persuade them on what you are talking about. Your abortion persuasive speech should be original and formatted accordingly so as to earn you better grades. Our company does provide quality persuasive speech essay writing tips which are essential in writing your abortion persuasive speech assignment. One of most important to consider when writing your academic essay is how you will structure your paper. Although selection of papers topic is the initial step in any essay writing procedure,Mbt Schuhe Kipimo, writing without an outline is somehow difficult and that is why most students fail in their essay writing. If you want to know how to write persuasive speech or any other kind of academic writing, our essay writing services is the best place for you. We have international qualified essay writers who are English native speakers from US and UK and some from other different countries. Our company has managed to services students with custom academic essays such as term papers, cases, Speeches and others for a good period. Students regard our essay writing services as the source of success and career development simply because we not only provide writing services but essay writing skills to those who want to provide their own essay writings. If you want other services such as editing persuasive speech or formatting your research work,MBT Sirima Schuhe, our company will provide you with quality services of the year. In respect to international essay writing rules,Mbt Sandalen Jawabu, our company does not resell what have already been submitted for marking simply because that is plagiarism. Our company provides you with 24/7 essay writing services at preferred price. Do not be tempted by fake essay companies simply because they will just waste your time,Mbt Schuhe Meli, use your money and at last provide you with low quality essay writing services. Before you place order with our essay writing services you can have a look at our sample essays which are written by professionals but they are not used for academic assignment. We have no membership fee thus becoming our member is free. Author is associated with MeldaResearch.com which is a global Custom Essay Writing and Term Paper Writing Company. If you would like help in Research Papers and Term Paper Help you can visit
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Benefits Of Late Term Abortion
Benefits Of Late Term Abortion,MBT Schuhe Baridi
The practice of Late Term Abortion is subject to significant controversy. There has been a significant push in State Legislatures throughout the United States to end abortions greater than 20 weeks. However,Mbt Sandalen Ema, there are a lot of benefits that can be achieved from undergoing this procedure when the mother's life or health is threatened by the pregnancy, or there is a significant fetal defect or abnormality. Despite this, many states have banned the procedure from being performed on an out-patient basis, and as religious hospitals merge with smaller and indigent hospitals,Mbt Schuhe Raha, neither abortions nor tubal ligations are able to be permitted. Family planning services including birth control are not able to be administered. If a woman needs an abortion late in the second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy, the woman must be prepared to travel out of most States in order to have the termination procedure performed. What are the benefits of abortion, specifically third trimester abortions? How can they help mothers whose life is in danger due to the pregnancy?
Late Term Abortion as a Solution for Potentially Fatal Complications
Pregnancy in general, can produce serious health risks. That is why so much effort is placed on monitoring the mother's status of health, as well as the detection of symptoms of serious complications. However, some complications cannot be easy; and others may only develop late into pregnancy with little warning. Conditions like Preeclampsia and uterine cancer are serious threats to both the mother and the fetus. In cases like these,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, an induction of labor may be performed if the fetus is viable. In cases where this is not possible, the services of a Late Term Abortion clinic may be needed in order to spare the life of the mother.
Third Trimester Abortions for Fetal Defects That Were Not Detected Earlier
Modern prenatal screening techniques can detect fetal defects at an early stage of pregnancy. However, not everybody has access to such services. Even if a mother goes for prenatal checkups on a regular basis, there may be life altering defects that can only be recognized and confirmed when the fetus has reached a certain stage of development. In cases where these defects are very severe such as abnormalities of vital organs such as the fetus' kidneys, lungs,Mbt Schuhe Pata, liver, heart or brain; carrying the fetus to term and birth can have a significant probability of fetal death. If the infant survives,Mbt Sandalen Sadiki, he or she will be living a very difficult life full of suffering. Most mothers do not want this to happen, which is why they go to a Late Term Abortion clinic and terminate the pregnancy instead of subjecting their child to a potential life of pain and suffering.
If Late Term Abortions were to be completely banned,Mbt Schuhe Kipimo, there are sure to be many women who will perish because of the complications of the pregnancy. There will also be many babies who will suffer a great deal of pain and disability throughout their life; some may not even live long enough. Women must be given a choice to preserve their health as it relates to pregnancy. 相关的主题文章：
The practice of Late Term Abortion is subject to significant controversy. There has been a significant push in State Legislatures throughout the United States to end abortions greater than 20 weeks. However,Mbt Sandalen Ema, there are a lot of benefits that can be achieved from undergoing this procedure when the mother's life or health is threatened by the pregnancy, or there is a significant fetal defect or abnormality. Despite this, many states have banned the procedure from being performed on an out-patient basis, and as religious hospitals merge with smaller and indigent hospitals,Mbt Schuhe Raha, neither abortions nor tubal ligations are able to be permitted. Family planning services including birth control are not able to be administered. If a woman needs an abortion late in the second trimester or third trimester of pregnancy, the woman must be prepared to travel out of most States in order to have the termination procedure performed. What are the benefits of abortion, specifically third trimester abortions? How can they help mothers whose life is in danger due to the pregnancy?
Late Term Abortion as a Solution for Potentially Fatal Complications
Pregnancy in general, can produce serious health risks. That is why so much effort is placed on monitoring the mother's status of health, as well as the detection of symptoms of serious complications. However, some complications cannot be easy; and others may only develop late into pregnancy with little warning. Conditions like Preeclampsia and uterine cancer are serious threats to both the mother and the fetus. In cases like these,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, an induction of labor may be performed if the fetus is viable. In cases where this is not possible, the services of a Late Term Abortion clinic may be needed in order to spare the life of the mother.
Third Trimester Abortions for Fetal Defects That Were Not Detected Earlier
Modern prenatal screening techniques can detect fetal defects at an early stage of pregnancy. However, not everybody has access to such services. Even if a mother goes for prenatal checkups on a regular basis, there may be life altering defects that can only be recognized and confirmed when the fetus has reached a certain stage of development. In cases where these defects are very severe such as abnormalities of vital organs such as the fetus' kidneys, lungs,Mbt Schuhe Pata, liver, heart or brain; carrying the fetus to term and birth can have a significant probability of fetal death. If the infant survives,Mbt Sandalen Sadiki, he or she will be living a very difficult life full of suffering. Most mothers do not want this to happen, which is why they go to a Late Term Abortion clinic and terminate the pregnancy instead of subjecting their child to a potential life of pain and suffering.
If Late Term Abortions were to be completely banned,Mbt Schuhe Kipimo, there are sure to be many women who will perish because of the complications of the pregnancy. There will also be many babies who will suffer a great deal of pain and disability throughout their life; some may not even live long enough. Women must be given a choice to preserve their health as it relates to pregnancy. 相关的主题文章：
Acquaintance Yun their carried on curly hair
Acquaintance Yun their carried on curly hair
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The actual exhibition will be shut off straight into: Oriental Year peak, Sensations associated with landscaping,MBT Tunisha Schuhe, the particular austere wats,Mbt Sandalen Swala, the non-urban Privacy allowance elegance, Gulf law firms natural beauty, garden top received through the eight places of the marketplace A hundred Wenxin. Your convention will likely be a significant gathering from the most up-to-date creations involving updated Mephisto Shoes Canada textbooks house actualization and particular scenarios in shape to be able to blend any altered demonstrate, for you to agrivate the free to know, accept along with adulation the game of the calligraphy.
Chief in the China astute piece of art, Oriental artwork proficient consultation led from the admiral of the The far east Acrylic Piece of art Start, Tutor Yang Feiyun 20, the actual recognized cessation of the appointment in the us to get a aeon of extra when compared to a age range larboard regarding house around the Fourth. These people previously the finish in the pay a visit to, your Metropolitan Public involving Artwork nanny Jones Campbell - an allurement for the Chinese language painting professionals inside the City Memorial involving Art work arranged a suitable exhibition regarding Chinese piece of art get better at, and today this particular exhibition has been make an effort to evolving with regard to.
This particular exhibition would be the boilerplate associated with Oriental artwork ancillary by supplementary actualization to the aboriginal time the U.Azines. Substantial art hallway. Tutor Yang Feiyun explained,Mbt Schuhe Koshi, abiding soon after improving the particular once-a-year regarding tradesmen artist, as well as the choice of a piling up of Chinese gas artwork adumbrative operates, the usa exhibitors.
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Within the completed calendar month, including Mentor Yang Feiyun all-embracing conquer accuracy and reliability pioneer, and also adore their state Authorities scholarships algid capable ambitious Guangdong Land Guangzhou Academy of Fine Martial arts piece of art administration brain, Guo Runwen Chongqing Area Sichuan Gas Artwork of Chinese language abreast good regarding gas artwork Arch of Pang Maokun Academy of proper Martial arts, Core Academy of a good Martial arts, artwork administration mid-foot Xie Dongming satisfactory suggestions and alternation while using Elegant Art gallery of Artwork of the us authorities "make the exception" for you to acquiesce the particular get worse arena artistic D1rer adumbrative functions associated with Rembrandt, Vilas big-ticket hereby, Cezanne as well as included European traditional pros, their particular artful strategy the particular City Museum involving specialists tend to be astonished.
The particular session in the China portray adept is the United states of america if the allurement with the Admiral from the United states and Tiongkok Groundwork regarding Informed Fine art Mephisto Shoes Sale informed journalists that acquaintance with the boilerplate Traditional western organization regarding Oriental artwork can be real certain or even one-sided, City Museum involving Art extramarital relationships to evolve this suitable exhibit regarding China painting proficient "of abundant value, My partner and i take on that American association will be approved completely reveal the actual completed comparable involving acrylic works of art throughout China.
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These performs in the Nationwide Alcazar within the standard towards the noncitizen suburbs of the basin homes, your plumber 'footsteps through Beijing the forest along with estuaries and rivers, luggage of aisle specific straight into a good accessibility aboveboard art. Painting Musicians teenage years action in the gardening shop rhyme, annual annal the sport of the thousands of miles, a adjacency involving forebears homes once-a-year as well as bethink about the history of meditation, you will find confusing artist's love. Entrance folks by way of a piece of art * artists pertaining to abounding decades your abstraction regarding ??your accounts from the getting pregnant of active functions, we get amusement through the art regarding on fire along with Mephisto Shoes Toronto hues,Mbt Schuhe Kesho, as well as began to beginner to simply accept towards the total extra compared to the works of art as well as Capriccio.
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2012年6月27日星期三
Austin Health Care An Update On Elder Abuse
Austin Health Care An Update On Elder Abuse,Mbt Sandalen Tabia
Elder abuse is a serious problem affecting hundreds of thousands of older persons From Austin to Sacramento to Miami each year. Professionals in the field of aging are in a unique position to recognize and initiate intervention for this problem.
Elder abuse is commonly divided into the following categories:
Physical abuse - any type of physical force or violence that result in body injury
or pain, including inappropriate use of restraint.
Sexual abuse ?any non-consensual sexual contact or including sexual contact with
a person unable to give consent.
Emotional or psychological abuse ?The deliberate infliction of emotional anguish
or distress through harassment,MBT Shuguli Schuhe, threat, intimidation or other behavior - verbal or non-verbal.
Neglect - the failure or refusal to carry out a person duties to an elder,Mbt Fanaka GTX Schuhe Verkauf, including the provision of basic life necessities and fulfillment of fiduciary responsibilities.
Abandonment ?the desertion of an older person by someone who has assumed their responsibilities.
Financial abuse - the improper or unlawful use or exploitation of an older person financial assets or any possessions.
Self-neglect ?any behavior that threatens an elder own health or safety.
Recognizing Signs of Elder Abuse
All agencies that work with the elderly should develop and publicize to all employees the policies and procedures for recognizing signs of elder abuse among their clients or prospective clients. The policies and procedures should include reference to the specific features of each category of abuse. Agencies should have in place clear guidelines for reporting suspected abuse to managers and for documenting abuse appropriately.
Training Employees
Education is an essential prerequisite for preventing and responding appropriately to elder abuse. Agencies should incorporate basic information about this problem into their orientation for new employees. In addition they should provide each employee with the agency policies and procedures on elder abuse. One excellent resource is the monograph entitled Developing Training Programs on Elder Abuse Prevention for In-Home Helpers: Issues and Guidelines,Mbt Sandalen Katika, published by the National Center on Elder Abuse.
Reporting Elder Abuse
Agencies should have clear written policies and procedures for when and how to report suspected abuse. This needs to be reported to local Adult Protective Services units,Mbt Sandalen Pia, law enforcement, and other entities responsible for abuse investigations. Policies and procedures should be in compliance with local laws.
Elder Abuse Resources
For more information about elder abuse,MBT Kaya Schuhe, the National Center for Elder Abuse serves as the most comprehensive national resource for professionals and the public. Its mission is to romote understanding,Mbt Schuhe Nafasi, knowledge sharing, and action on elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation? 相关的主题文章：
Elder abuse is a serious problem affecting hundreds of thousands of older persons From Austin to Sacramento to Miami each year. Professionals in the field of aging are in a unique position to recognize and initiate intervention for this problem.
Elder abuse is commonly divided into the following categories:
Physical abuse - any type of physical force or violence that result in body injury
or pain, including inappropriate use of restraint.
Sexual abuse ?any non-consensual sexual contact or including sexual contact with
a person unable to give consent.
Emotional or psychological abuse ?The deliberate infliction of emotional anguish
or distress through harassment,MBT Shuguli Schuhe, threat, intimidation or other behavior - verbal or non-verbal.
Neglect - the failure or refusal to carry out a person duties to an elder,Mbt Fanaka GTX Schuhe Verkauf, including the provision of basic life necessities and fulfillment of fiduciary responsibilities.
Abandonment ?the desertion of an older person by someone who has assumed their responsibilities.
Financial abuse - the improper or unlawful use or exploitation of an older person financial assets or any possessions.
Self-neglect ?any behavior that threatens an elder own health or safety.
Recognizing Signs of Elder Abuse
All agencies that work with the elderly should develop and publicize to all employees the policies and procedures for recognizing signs of elder abuse among their clients or prospective clients. The policies and procedures should include reference to the specific features of each category of abuse. Agencies should have in place clear guidelines for reporting suspected abuse to managers and for documenting abuse appropriately.
Training Employees
Education is an essential prerequisite for preventing and responding appropriately to elder abuse. Agencies should incorporate basic information about this problem into their orientation for new employees. In addition they should provide each employee with the agency policies and procedures on elder abuse. One excellent resource is the monograph entitled Developing Training Programs on Elder Abuse Prevention for In-Home Helpers: Issues and Guidelines,Mbt Sandalen Katika, published by the National Center on Elder Abuse.
Reporting Elder Abuse
Agencies should have clear written policies and procedures for when and how to report suspected abuse. This needs to be reported to local Adult Protective Services units,Mbt Sandalen Pia, law enforcement, and other entities responsible for abuse investigations. Policies and procedures should be in compliance with local laws.
Elder Abuse Resources
For more information about elder abuse,MBT Kaya Schuhe, the National Center for Elder Abuse serves as the most comprehensive national resource for professionals and the public. Its mission is to romote understanding,Mbt Schuhe Nafasi, knowledge sharing, and action on elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation? 相关的主题文章：
Adorable, Low cost Halloween night Outfit Ideas For Kids and Adults
Adorable, Low cost Halloween night Outfit Ideas For Kids and Adults
Do you will need some adorable,billige MBT Schuhe, inexpensive Halloween night outfit suggestions for you or your children? With as several produced costumes as there place obtainable, numerous individuals are shifting away from the concept of generating their very own adorable,Mbt Schuhe Meli, low cost Halloween night fancy dress suggestions.
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Superman is a favourite. You could in all probability convince any kid to be superman by watching a motion picture and then showing him how he could be superman. All it requires is a cape and some blue sweats. Use some cloth or tape to produce the emblematic S on his chest and you are good.
For ladies, there are lots of lovable low-cost Trick or treat costume outfit suggestions. Most of them are in the fairy princess category.
Snow White - She requirements a black wig and a nice lengthy dress. You can simply locate a single at a thrift keep that is floor length. Include cloth or lace all around the edges to make it fancier and search like the motion picture character.
Fairy princess costumes are lovable low-cost Halloween party costume suggestions. You can generate this search with a fantastic pair of wings and a tutu that she previously owns or buy one from a thrift store.
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For grown ups,Mbt Schuhe Koshi, there is constantly the occupation that you aren't in,Mbt Sandalen Sadiki! Have a physician pal or a nurse buddy? Borrow their stethoscope and scrubs for the night. Any UPS staff in your buddy circle? Borrow their uniform.
Lovable low-cost Halloween night costume suggestions are all over the place. You just will need to start thinking creatively. Use what you previously own and just include some embellishments for the greatest adorable low-cost Halloween party costume tips.For more details about "Kids Costumes", you need to pay a visit to: 相关的主题文章：
Do you will need some adorable,billige MBT Schuhe, inexpensive Halloween night outfit suggestions for you or your children? With as several produced costumes as there place obtainable, numerous individuals are shifting away from the concept of generating their very own adorable,Mbt Schuhe Meli, low cost Halloween night fancy dress suggestions.
Little ones -
Create your preferred superhero. My nephews love Buzz Lightyear and with some shoe bins, cardboard and facepaint, he is an easy character to produce,mbt schuhe! You will will need to be a small little bit inventive and minimize the containers to create boxy searching arms. Don't neglect to add his arm laser. You will want to make confident that you take some cardboard and produce wings behind your kid. Bear in mind,MBT Schuhe Amali, Buzz Lightyear flies,MBT Tunisha Schuhe!
Superman is a favourite. You could in all probability convince any kid to be superman by watching a motion picture and then showing him how he could be superman. All it requires is a cape and some blue sweats. Use some cloth or tape to produce the emblematic S on his chest and you are good.
For ladies, there are lots of lovable low-cost Trick or treat costume outfit suggestions. Most of them are in the fairy princess category.
Snow White - She requirements a black wig and a nice lengthy dress. You can simply locate a single at a thrift keep that is floor length. Include cloth or lace all around the edges to make it fancier and search like the motion picture character.
Fairy princess costumes are lovable low-cost Halloween party costume suggestions. You can generate this search with a fantastic pair of wings and a tutu that she previously owns or buy one from a thrift store.
Your small lady will adore pretending that she is Tinkerbell flying close to. You can develop wings out of posterboard or with a small little of wire and tulle.
For grown ups,Mbt Schuhe Koshi, there is constantly the occupation that you aren't in,Mbt Sandalen Sadiki! Have a physician pal or a nurse buddy? Borrow their stethoscope and scrubs for the night. Any UPS staff in your buddy circle? Borrow their uniform.
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Ace Hardware Store, Brooklyn Everything You Need!
Ace Hardware Store,MBT Kaya Schuhe, Brooklyn Everything You Need!
Hardware supplies are required for furnishing of the houses and offices to make them look attractive and exquisite. Everyone desires of a beautiful and well-furnished house. Although there are plenty of hardware suppliers in the world, but it is important to choose the right one. Ace hardware stores are one of the best suppliers of hardware tools and products in the world. They have a widespread network covering over 4800 places all over the world. One of the best locations in the world for hardware is New York where there is a well established network of Ace hardware stores. Brooklyn in NY basically demonstrates one of the best businesses of hardware supplies. Hardware tools are required to furnish various locations like indoors, outdoors, lawns and gardens,Mbt Sandalen Ema, bathrooms, balconies and everywhere else. Ace hardware stores are better known by the slogan he helpful hardware place?as it carries all the helpful tools for your home.
Hardware stores in Brooklyn have products and equipments for all the locations at a place. The customers feel pride in taking products from these stores. It has all the necessary home accessories and a[appliances in its stock,MBT Tariki Schuhe, all the bathing and cleaning tools, kitchen and laundry products, office stuff, school gear,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, communication and phone accessories, audio-video cables, storage supplies, managerial tools, pet supplies and everything else that one may demand. It is the place where one gets everything under one roof.
Adding to its stock of outdoor fittings and furnishings, the hardware Brooklyn has all the stuff required to elevate the gorgeousness of the outdoors. It offers outdoor furniture, outdoor cooking equipments, outdoor fireplaces, outdoor recreation tools, outdoor lightings and square furniture. All these tools and products beatify the dcor of your outdoors and you need not worry about its maintenance.
Moreover,Mbt Sandalen Swala, the lawn and garden tools offered by hardware stores Brooklyn are amazing. Various products which are included in hardware stores include bird feeders, seeds and rain kit and gloves, farm supplies,Mbt Fanaka GTX Schuhe Verkauf, planters and accessories, storage sheds and lots more. The stock does not confine here. It has many more products ranging from heating and cooling tools to knives and blades, insects control supplies to pet supplies,Mbt Schuhe Kamba, screw drivers and kit to painting accessories and much more.
While making the purchase it is important to obtain the packing slip to crosscheck the items received. The price list should also be referred as it serves as a guide to calculate supply costs more accurately. Although the quality of the brand is well approved but it should be ensured that a regular quality inspection system is in place to avoid encumbrances at a later stage. Further, it is always recommended to sample inspect atlest 5 or 10 percent of the materials received so that a consistent and standardized approach of sample inspection is followed. Therefore, for any product or tool required for furnishing any location, hardware store Brooklyn is the preferred destination. There are many hardware stores in New York City and mainly in Brooklyn. The customers can be assured of the quality and variety of the products as these stores have their presence through out the globe.
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Hardware supplies are required for furnishing of the houses and offices to make them look attractive and exquisite. Everyone desires of a beautiful and well-furnished house. Although there are plenty of hardware suppliers in the world, but it is important to choose the right one. Ace hardware stores are one of the best suppliers of hardware tools and products in the world. They have a widespread network covering over 4800 places all over the world. One of the best locations in the world for hardware is New York where there is a well established network of Ace hardware stores. Brooklyn in NY basically demonstrates one of the best businesses of hardware supplies. Hardware tools are required to furnish various locations like indoors, outdoors, lawns and gardens,Mbt Sandalen Ema, bathrooms, balconies and everywhere else. Ace hardware stores are better known by the slogan he helpful hardware place?as it carries all the helpful tools for your home.
Hardware stores in Brooklyn have products and equipments for all the locations at a place. The customers feel pride in taking products from these stores. It has all the necessary home accessories and a[appliances in its stock,MBT Tariki Schuhe, all the bathing and cleaning tools, kitchen and laundry products, office stuff, school gear,Mbt Sandalen Tabia, communication and phone accessories, audio-video cables, storage supplies, managerial tools, pet supplies and everything else that one may demand. It is the place where one gets everything under one roof.
Adding to its stock of outdoor fittings and furnishings, the hardware Brooklyn has all the stuff required to elevate the gorgeousness of the outdoors. It offers outdoor furniture, outdoor cooking equipments, outdoor fireplaces, outdoor recreation tools, outdoor lightings and square furniture. All these tools and products beatify the dcor of your outdoors and you need not worry about its maintenance.
Moreover,Mbt Sandalen Swala, the lawn and garden tools offered by hardware stores Brooklyn are amazing. Various products which are included in hardware stores include bird feeders, seeds and rain kit and gloves, farm supplies,Mbt Fanaka GTX Schuhe Verkauf, planters and accessories, storage sheds and lots more. The stock does not confine here. It has many more products ranging from heating and cooling tools to knives and blades, insects control supplies to pet supplies,Mbt Schuhe Kamba, screw drivers and kit to painting accessories and much more.
While making the purchase it is important to obtain the packing slip to crosscheck the items received. The price list should also be referred as it serves as a guide to calculate supply costs more accurately. Although the quality of the brand is well approved but it should be ensured that a regular quality inspection system is in place to avoid encumbrances at a later stage. Further, it is always recommended to sample inspect atlest 5 or 10 percent of the materials received so that a consistent and standardized approach of sample inspection is followed. Therefore, for any product or tool required for furnishing any location, hardware store Brooklyn is the preferred destination. There are many hardware stores in New York City and mainly in Brooklyn. The customers can be assured of the quality and variety of the products as these stores have their presence through out the globe.
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Badrinath The Abode of Lord Vishnu
Badrinath The Abode of Lord Vishnu,Mbt Schuhe Sifa
Badrinath is one of the holiest of shrines in India. Badrinath is located at an altitude of 3415 metres above sea level in the Himalayas. A trip to Badrinath, in Uttarakhand,Mbt Schuhe Pata, is a must for all the devout Hindus and it can be a very adventurous trip in the mountains.Badrinath is the one of the four har Dhams?to be visited. The order in which the Char Dham yatra is conducted is by a visit to Yamunotri, followed by one to Gangotri and then the trek to Kedarnath and finally rounding it off by the long drive up to Badrinath.
Badrinath is the abode of Badri or Lord Vishnu and was pushed to prominence by the Kerala Sage Adi Shankaracharya in the ninth century AD. The head priest is of Badrinath belongs to the North Kerala Brahmin community and is known as Rawalji.The holy abode of Badrinath is located on the banks of the Alakananda River. This small town is overpowered by the presence of two mighty peaks,Mbt Moto Stiefel, the Nar and Narayan peaks, which are supposed to be Lord Vishnu Dwarapalakas or bodyguards.
The journey to Badrinath starts from Rishikesh, 300 kilometres away. The journey passes through some beautiful villages,MBT Imara Schuhe, mountains and valleys. One has to cross many confluences or prayags like Rudraprayag,Mbt Sandalen Katika, Devaprayag and Karnaprayag, among others. The River Ganges follows you till you reach Badrinath.The Taptkund hot springs just next to the Badrinath temple is very popular with pilgrims who take a holy dip here. The temple itself is an imposing structure with many colourful and intricate designs. Brahmakund is the place where Lord Vishnu cut off one of the heads of Lord Brahma for not telling the truth.
Being a holy town and always bustling with pilgrims, Badrinath is teeming with hotels,mbt schuhe günstig, lodges and dharamshalas.About 4 km from Badrinath is the village of Mana, the last Indian village on that side. Mana Village also holds a lot of prominence for its mythological connections with Mahabharatha. It is said that Sage Vyasa dictated the Mahabharata to Lord Ganesha who wrote it down in a small cave which is now called Vyasa Gufa. The outer walls of the cave resemble the pages of a book. River Saraswati, originating here,scarpe hogan, flows under the rocky bed and then disappears, only to resurface at the Triveni Sangam in Allahabad. The story is that Lord Ganesha was losing his concentration while taking notes, because of the noise from the flowing Saraswati, and Vyasa cursed the river to disappear and reappear in the plains.A visit to Badrinath is not just for the religious but is also for those who want to feel the power and beauty of the Himalayas.
Get more information on and .
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Badrinath is one of the holiest of shrines in India. Badrinath is located at an altitude of 3415 metres above sea level in the Himalayas. A trip to Badrinath, in Uttarakhand,Mbt Schuhe Pata, is a must for all the devout Hindus and it can be a very adventurous trip in the mountains.Badrinath is the one of the four har Dhams?to be visited. The order in which the Char Dham yatra is conducted is by a visit to Yamunotri, followed by one to Gangotri and then the trek to Kedarnath and finally rounding it off by the long drive up to Badrinath.
Badrinath is the abode of Badri or Lord Vishnu and was pushed to prominence by the Kerala Sage Adi Shankaracharya in the ninth century AD. The head priest is of Badrinath belongs to the North Kerala Brahmin community and is known as Rawalji.The holy abode of Badrinath is located on the banks of the Alakananda River. This small town is overpowered by the presence of two mighty peaks,Mbt Moto Stiefel, the Nar and Narayan peaks, which are supposed to be Lord Vishnu Dwarapalakas or bodyguards.
The journey to Badrinath starts from Rishikesh, 300 kilometres away. The journey passes through some beautiful villages,MBT Imara Schuhe, mountains and valleys. One has to cross many confluences or prayags like Rudraprayag,Mbt Sandalen Katika, Devaprayag and Karnaprayag, among others. The River Ganges follows you till you reach Badrinath.The Taptkund hot springs just next to the Badrinath temple is very popular with pilgrims who take a holy dip here. The temple itself is an imposing structure with many colourful and intricate designs. Brahmakund is the place where Lord Vishnu cut off one of the heads of Lord Brahma for not telling the truth.
Being a holy town and always bustling with pilgrims, Badrinath is teeming with hotels,mbt schuhe günstig, lodges and dharamshalas.About 4 km from Badrinath is the village of Mana, the last Indian village on that side. Mana Village also holds a lot of prominence for its mythological connections with Mahabharatha. It is said that Sage Vyasa dictated the Mahabharata to Lord Ganesha who wrote it down in a small cave which is now called Vyasa Gufa. The outer walls of the cave resemble the pages of a book. River Saraswati, originating here,scarpe hogan, flows under the rocky bed and then disappears, only to resurface at the Triveni Sangam in Allahabad. The story is that Lord Ganesha was losing his concentration while taking notes, because of the noise from the flowing Saraswati, and Vyasa cursed the river to disappear and reappear in the plains.A visit to Badrinath is not just for the religious but is also for those who want to feel the power and beauty of the Himalayas.
Get more information on and .
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Academic dress
Academic dress
Overview
Academic dress for Masters in Singapore with description
The academic dress found in most universities in the British Commonwealth and the United States is derived from that of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which was a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the medieval universities of Europe.
Formal or sober clothing is typically worn beneath the gown so, for example, men would often wear a dark suit with a white shirt and tie, or clerical clothing, military or civil uniform, or national dress, and women would wear equivalent attire. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a prescribed set of dress (known as subfusc) to be worn under the gown. Though some universities are relaxed about what people wear under their gowns, it is nevertheless considered bad form to be in casual wear or the like during graduation, and a number of universities may bar finishing students from joining the procession or the ceremony itself if not appropriately dressed (though this sometimes refers only to requiring the proper wear of academic dress and not what is worn beneath it, if unseen).
British academic dress
There is a distinction between different types of academical dress. Most recently, gowns, hoods and caps are categorised into their shape and patterns by what may be known as the Groves Classification of Academic Dress, which is based on Nicholas Groves's document, Hood and Gown Patterns. This lists the various styles or patterns of academic dress and assigns them a code or a Groves Classification Number. For example, the Cambridge BA style gown is designated [b2] and a hood in the Cambridge full-shape is designated [f1], etc.
The Burgon Society was founded in 2000 to promote the study of academic dress. It has publications and activities to do with academic dress and is currently in the process of updating Shaw's book on British and Irish academical dress for publication.
Gown
The modern gown is derived from the roba worn under the cappa clausa, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least minor orders, and were required to wear the cappa or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark colour.
An alternative coloured gown, Open University, MEd.
The gowns most commonly worn, that of the clerical type gowns of Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. Both are traditionally made of black cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the university's colours) and have the material at the back of the gown gathered into a yoke. The BA gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the MA gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow.
There are two types of yokes which are used for gowns. The more traditional is the curved yoke, whilst the square or straight yoke is used more in modern times.
Another type of gown is called the lay type gown, which is similar to the MA gown in that it has long closed sleeves, but does not have a yoke. Instead, there is a flap collar with the gathers underneath it. Thus it is less voluminous than the clerical type gown. This gown is often used for the dress of officers and graduates of some degrees (especially at Oxford and Durham).
In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba.
Some gowns may have 'strings' (i.e. grosgrain ribbons) attached to them behind the lapels. These in the past were tied together to hold the gown together but are now merely indicators of rank, such as in Cambridge where strings indicate one is a full member (i.e. BA or MA, etc), or just for decoration.
Dress and undress gowns
The festal gown and hood of the Cambridge MusD.
Since medieval times, doctors, like bishops and cardinals, have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colours such as scarlet, purple or red. In many older universities, doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes (sometimes called "festal robes") which are worn on special occasions. There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor's gown; the Oxford doctor's shape and the Cambridge doctor's shape. The former has bell-shaped sleeves, the latter has long open sleeves. Another rarer form is the Cambridge MusD dress gown which is a pattern between the two.
The other form of doctor's gown is the undress gown. This is a black gown (which may or may not be distinct from the master's gown depending on the university; if it is, it usually is trimmed with lace, braid or other subtle indicators of rank) worn for less formal occasions such as lectures. This type of gown is rarely seen or worn nowadays as many wear the dress gown instead; there are fewer applications for the undress gown in normal university life. However, the undress gown still plays a part in the older universities where academic dress is usually worn. At Cambridge, each doctor has its own undress gown, each trimmed differently, meaning one can identify the degree of the wearer without the hood (the same is also for bachelors and masters gowns at Cambridge). St Andrews prescribes a cassock-like gown with a row of buttons running down the front, coloured according to the degree, and is meant to be worn closed. This gown is worn as the undress gown for higher doctorates, with a Cambridge-type gown for full dress. The two may be worn together or separately.
In the universities of the UK there are days called scarlet days or red letter days. On such days, doctors of the university may wear their scarlet 'festal' or full dress gowns instead of their undress ('black') gown. This is more significant for the ancient universities such as Oxford and Cambridge where academic dress is worn almost daily; the black undress gown being worn on normal occasions as opposed to the bright red gowns. Since most universities have abandoned academic dress to the graduation ceremony (where doctors wear always scarlet), the significance of scarlet days have all but disappeared.
Undergraduate gowns
See also: Undergraduate gowns
See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland
Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns; the most common essentially a smaller knee-length version of the BA gown, or the Oxford Commoners gown which is sleeveless lay type gown and has two streamers at the back at Oxford. At Cambridge, most colleges have their own distinctive design of gown. This is not the case at the Ancient Scottish universities, such as the University of St Andrews,Mbt Schuhe Koshi, where the undergraduate gown is scarlet and typically features a velveteen collar. Undergraduate gowns are seldom worn (even in institutions that prescribe them) nowadays except in the older universities. Most new universities do not prescribe them since academic dress has fallen out of daily use so students would hardly, if ever, wear them.
In the past, undergraduates wore gowns according to their rank; for noblemen they wore coloured gowns with gold gimp lace, buttons and other decorations whilst fellow-commoners, gentleman-commoners, scholars, commoners, pensioners, sizars, battelers and servitors wore black gowns of decreasing flamboyance based on their standing in the universities.
Habit
The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge wearing the cope (cappa clausa) led by a bedel.
Another form of dress, now rarely seen, is the habit, which is worn over a black gown. Only Oxford and Cambridge (though Durham in theory also) use habits and mainly reserve their use for very formal ceremonial occasions and to a specific group of academics or officials.
The Convocation habit used at Oxford is a scarlet sleeveless garment worn over the black gown, with the sleeves of the gown pulled through the armholes. It is similar to a bishop's chimere except that it is worn closed with two large buttons. It is worn by doctors at meetings of Convocation or Congregation by those presenting candidates for degrees.
Even more rare and ancient is the cappa clausa or cope, a large scarlet cloak with an ermine shoulder piece worn by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, or a deputy, when admitting to degrees, and by anyone presenting new higher doctors or BDs for admission to their degrees. The cope was once used by Vice-Chancellors of some universities outside Cambridge in the past (such as in the University of the South) but it has fallen out of use.
In Durham, the early statutes permit the wearing of a convocation habit but 'under the gown' thought later statutes say 'with gown' instead of under it. The Durham habit survives as part of the dress for the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor which are worn under their laced gowns. There are two forms; one is sleeveless like the Oxford pattern and the other is sleeved so more like a cassock than a habit. In theory, doctors could wear the sleeveless type over their black undress gowns like in Oxford but this is very rare as many do not know that they are entitled to it.
Other habits that have fallen into disuse include the cappa manicata which was the same as the Oxford habit except that it has two long disused sleeves dangling behind and was used by lay doctors at Cambridge, the cappa nigra which was a shorter version of the Oxford habit worn by MAs, and the tabard which was similar to a BA gown.
The Cambridge Proctors' ruff and the Oxford Proctors' tippet could also be considered another version of a habit, a mantle, but the use of these are restricted to said officials.
Hood
A modern reproduction of the original Lampeter BA hood in Cambridge full-shape [f1].
The hood was originally a functional garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. It is also worn by clergy and lay readers of the Anglican Communion in choir dress, over the surplice, and it is common in cathedrals, churches, and chapels for the choirmaster and/or members of the choir to wear an academic hood to which they are entitled during services, over their cassock and surplice, although only for the choir offices (Morning and Evening Prayer) and not for the Eucharist.
Hoods comprise two basic patterns: full shape or simple shape. The traditional full-shape hood consists of a cape, cowl, and liripipe, as is used at Cambridge. At Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods use simple hoods that have lost their cape and retain only the cowl and liripipe. Some universities only have a cape and cowl and no liripipe; these are referred to as the Aberdeen shape. Various other universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods, in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded, and in others representing a completely new design.
The colour and lining of hoods in academic dress represents the rank and/or faculty of the wearer. In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with coloured silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with coloured silk. Faculty colours were introduced by the University of London and many universities followed suit.
The hood is nearly always worn with a gown though there are some exceptions such as Oxford doctors who do not wear a hood with their festal robes (though this regulation is often ignored at graduation ceremonies at other universities when Oxford doctors are sitting in the faculty).
The neckband of the hood usually has a loop of which original function is to hook onto the button of a cassock. Since many do not wear cassocks for graduation, the loop is sometimes hooked onto a shirt button instead. However, since the hood is rather heavy this has a tendency to pull the lightweight shirt upwards. The correct way to wear the hood is to allow the neckband to naturally hook itself onto the collar under the tie which secures the hood in place. Sometimes, the hood is worn too forward and down being hooked onto the jacket button or pinned which causes the hood to sit badly and more be likely slip down the shoulders like a shawl.
Cap
The Bishop Andrewes cap as used for University of Cambridge DDs.
The PhD pileus of the University of Sussex.
The academic cap or square, commonly known as the mortarboard, has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back.
The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher cap (or simply trencher). The tassel comprises a cluster of silk threads which are fixed together and fastened by a button at one end, and fixed at the centre of the headpiece. The loose strands are allowed to fall freely over the board edge. Often the strands are plaited together to form a cord with the end threads left untied.
In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft rounded headpiece known as a Tudor bonnet or tam, rather than a trencher. Other types of hats used, especially in some universities in the UK, are the John Knox cap (mostly at Scottish universities), the Bishop Andrewes cap (a reinvention of the ancient form of the mortarboard, worn by Cambridge DDs) and the pileus (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap.
For Catholic and some Anglican clergy, the traditional black biretta may be worn in some circumstances instead of the mortarboard. Those clerics who possess a doctorate wear the black biretta with four ridges instead of the usual three and with piping and pom of the color of the discipline, thus, e.g., emerald for canon law, scarlet for sacred theology, etc.
As with other forms of headgear, in the Commonwealth, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed with for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors, or have been abandoned altogether. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. This story is told at the University of Cambridge, Durham University, the University of Bristol, the University of St Andrews and Trinity College, Dublin among others.
The misinterpretation of some regulations has led to the confusion that certain universities do not prescribe headwear, whilst some universities have abandoned headwear for socio-political reasons, most notably the Open University, or because the designer intended it, such is the case of Vivienne Westwood and her design for King's College London.
The University of East Anglia is infamous for two new hats designed by Cecil Beaton that were prescribed. One is known as the 'Dan Dare' or 'Mickey Mouse' cap which is a skull cap with a narrow rim around the top for bachelors; the other was known as the tricorn or upside-down iron, which was basically a mortarboard but with a triangle instead of a square for the top board for masters. These caps were unpopular with students who preferred the square and they soon fell into disuse. The tricorn is still used as the official hat of the Registrar.
Dress for university officials
Lord Patten of Barnes, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, wearing his official academic dress as the university Chancellor.
Officers of the universities generally wear distinctive and more elaborate dress. The Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor may wear a black damask lay type gown (sometimes with a long train) trimmed with gold or silver lace and frogs. They wear a velvet mortarboard, similarly trimmed with gold braid and tassel. This form of dress is not strictly 'academical' but it is typical dress for those in high positions. Other than this gown, they may have other distinct forms of dress, such as the scarlet cappa clausa or cope worn in certain circumstances by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge or his/her deputy and by higher doctors presenting candidates for degrees, which was once worn by Doctors of Divinity.
Officers of lower rank may wear plain black lay type gowns, sometimes with gold or silver trim, or ordinary gowns in university colours. In general, officials do not wear hoods with their gowns.
Marshals and bedels often wear black lay-type gowns with bands and a black bonnet.
British customs
At degree ceremonies, graduands often dress in the academic dress of the degree they are about to be admitted to prior to the actual graduation ceremony. This is not the case at several of the older universities in the UK, most notably, Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews which have their own distinct traditions.
Oxford: Prior to admission to the degree, the graduand will normally wear either the undergraduate commoner's or scholar's gown (if being admitted to the BA), or the graduate student's gown or the gown and hood of their previous Oxford/external university degree (if being admitted to a higher degree). After being formally admitted during the ceremony, they exit the Theatre and assume the gowns and hoods of their new degrees and then return to the Theatre in their new gowns and hoods. For certain degrees such as the higher doctorates and MAs, if they profess the Christian faith, the graduand may (if they wish) kneel in front of the (Vice-)Chancellor and be admitted in 'the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit' whilst being tapped on the head with the Bible.
Cambridge: Prior to admission, undergraduates wear their College undergraduate gown with the hood of the highest degree they are about to receive, graduates with degrees from other universities wear the BA/MA status gown with the hood of the highest degree they are about to receive and graduates already possessing Cambridge degrees wear the gown and hood of the highest degree they currently possess. After the ceremony day, they would wear the correct gown and hood for their new degree.
St Andrews: Prior to admission, graduands wear only the gown of the degree they are about to be admitted to. During the ceremony, they kneel in front of the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor who formally admits them by tapping them on the head with a folded round cap whilst the bedellus puts the hood of their new degree on them. Some Scottish universities follow this practice also.
Academic regalia in the United States
Academic regalia in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia followed by most, though some institutions do not adhere to it entirely, and fewer still ignore it.
History
Modern rendering of students and faculty of King's College, New York (earlier name of Columbia University), in academic dress circa 1754. The drawing was created for the university's 1954 bicentennial. (Columbia University Archives).
The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles. Students of most colonial colleges were required to wear the "college habit" at most times - a practice that lasted until the eve of the American Civil War in many institutions of higher learning. In some rare instances the practice has persisted, such as at Sewanee, where members of one student society continue to wear the gown to class. After the civil war, academic regalia was generally only worn at ceremonies or when representing the institution. There was not, however, any standardization among the meanings behind the various costumes. In 1893, an Intercollegiate Commission made up of representatives from leading institutions was created, to establish an acceptable system of academic dress. The Commission met at Columbia College (now Columbia University) in 1895 and adopted a code of academic regalia, which prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as determined the colors which were to represent the different fields of learning. In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee reviewed the situation and approved a code for academic costumes that has been in effect since that year. A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes.
Although academic dress is now rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia in the U.S. graduation ceremonies have gained popularity and have expanded from high school graduations to middle school, elementary school and kindergarten graduation ceremonies.
Academic robes (gowns)
The Harvard doctoral gown and hood, which does not entirely follow the American Council on Education system.
Professors and newly conferred doctors of philosophy posing at a Worcester Polytechnic Institute graduation.
Bachelors' and masters' gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, though bachelor's gowns are now designed to be worn closed,Mbt Laufschuhe, and all are at least mid-calf length to ankle-length. The masters' gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is square cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening, but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (see, below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.
Doctoral robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the school's colors. The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood (see, below) to remain black in that case, however. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by bachelor's graduates, with the addition of three velvet bands on the sleeves and velvet facing running down the front of the gown, the Code calls for these to be either black or the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate was earned (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). However, it should be noted that in the case of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), although it is awarded for study in any number of fields, the dark blue velvet of philosophy is always used regardless of the particular field studied. For example, a Ph.D. in theology would wear velvet trim in dark blue, while a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim. The robes have full sleeves, instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a necktie or cravat when closed, while others take an almost cape-like form. It is designed to be worn open or closed in the front.
Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (see, below) may be only that of a degree actually held by the wearer, or one specially prescribed for them by the institution. The color standardization for the outside shell of the hood as black provides flexibility of use and helps facilitate this practice.
The hood
Two Doctors of Philosophy Note the five inch wide band of (Dark Blue) velvet signifying a doctorate and the field: Philosophy (see the text regarding the Ph.D.). The Universities from which they received the degree from can be told from the colors and pattern of the lining of the hood (note a Chevron as mentioned in the text). Also, note also the black velvet facings and bars which the Intercollegiate Academic Code prescribes for both Doctors as well as for College or University Trustees.
The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the color to be black regardless of the color of the robe being worn. The interior lining - generally silk - displays the colors of the institution from which the wearer received the degree, in a pattern prescribed by it (usually, if more than one color is used, chevrons or equal divisions). The opening of the hood is trimmed in velvet or velveteen.
The width of the hood velvet is 2inches, 3inches, and 5inches for the bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees, respectively. The length of the hood will vary with the level of academic achievement as well: bachelors wear a 3 foot length, masters a 3.5 foot length, and doctors a 4 foot length. Only the doctoral hood will have "panels" at the sides of the hood that lie cape-like across the back.
In most American colleges and universities, the color of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field or as closely related as possible to which the degree earned pertains (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). For instance, one who has earned a Master of Arts in Journalism would wear velvet trim of crimson to signify "journalism", rather than white to represent "arts"
Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college/school may 'self-hood' en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony as has been the practice at Fordham University in the United States. Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed. The Code also states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood." Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred. Honorary or earned doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood at the podium, regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony.
Only one hood may be worn at any given time. Trim colors may not be combined or displayed together in any way to attempt to indicate more than one academic field. The regalia indicating the highest degree attained is usually worn, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume (e.g. robe style, trim width, hood length, etc.) of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i.e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear at any given time the regalia, in its entirety, of any one degree earned. The Code does not allow for 'mixing-and-matching.' The regalia prescribed by an academic institution and the degree actually awarded by that institution to the wearer (as indicated by trim color, hood length, robe style, etc.) must be consistent. The one exception is for officers of the academic institution who, while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served, may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution.(see Academic robes, above).
Mortarboard, tams and other headwear
Headwear is an important component of cap-and-gown, and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear will vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications.
Caps - The mortarboard is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown. The exceptionelvets reserved for the doctor's degree only, seen in the form of a multiple-sided (4, 6, or 8) tam, but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here. The only color called for is black, in all cases.
During graduation ceremonies in the United States, both women and men wear caps, and both women and men wear their caps indoors throughout most of the ceremony. The exceptions are for men during a baccalaureate service, the national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner"), any benediction that may be offered by a chaplain or other authority, and sometimes the singing of the alma mater if the local custom requires it. Although military and civil uniform, national costume, and clerical garb etc. are worn beneath the academic robe, traditionally only the biretta in conjunction with clerical garb will replace the academic cap. All other costumes forgo the normal headwear in favor of the appropriate academic version.
Tassel - The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honor societies or other awards. However, strictly speaking, the ACE code states that "The tassel should be black or the color appropriate to the subject," and only makes an exception for the gold tassel. Just as for the use of velvet headwear, the gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown. Only one tassel is worn at a time.
There is in some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation that would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.
Inter-Collegiate colors
The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, and accepted by the American Council on Education in its Academic Costume Code. The color assigned to a given hood trim and/or tassels andhere appropriateown facings, should be as closely related as possible to the field studied. For example, one who has earned a degree in animal husbandry would wear the maize of agriculture, as no color is specific to the subject of animal husbandry, and it is generally included within the broader field of agriculture. Less simply, mathematics is traditionally among the liberal arts (which are represented by white) while more recently associated with what has been termed the formal sciences, (which would seem to imply being represented by golden yellow for science), and thereby exposes debates about the very nature of some fields. The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines are as shown below:
Faculty
Color
Sample
Agriculture
Maize
Arts [Liberal Arts], Letters [Literature], Humanities
White
Commerce, Accountancy, Business
Drab
Dentistry
Lilac
Economics
Copper
Education
Light Blue
Engineering
Orange
Fine Arts, Architecture
Brown
Forestry, Environmental Studies, Sustainability
Russet
Journalism
Crimson
Law
Purple
Library Science, Information Management
Lemon
Medicine
Green
Music
Pink
Nursing
Apricot
Oratory, Speech, Communications
Silver Gray
Pharmacy
Olive Green
Philosophy
Dark Blue
Physical Education, Manual Therapy, Physical Therapy
Sage Green
Public Administration, Public Policy, Foreign Service
Peacock Blue
Public Health
Salmon Pink
Science (both "Social" and "Natural")
Golden Yellow
Social Work
Citron
Theology, Divinity
Scarlet
Veterinary Science
Grey
A distinction is made in the code, which calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained,MBT Sirima Schuhe, not the degree itself, the achievement level of which is indicated by the cut of the robe, the length of the hood, and the width of the trim. For example: if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree specifically in business the trimming should be drab, representing commerce/accountancy/business, rather than white, representing the broader arts/letters/humanities; if the BA was in economics, the trim should be copper; if in environmental studies, it should be russet, etc. If the BA was in literature, a subject within the humanities (as well as the very definition of "letters") and not assigned a unique color, the velvet should indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree was awarded for physics, the velvet trim should be golden yellow, representing physics as one of the natural sciences; however, if the BS was in engineering, the trim should be orange, or if it was in education, the trim should be light blue, etc. The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates. A Master of Public Administration in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for science, not peacock blue for public administration; conversely a Master of Science in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for public administration and not golden yellow for science.
In the case where a color is specified for a field that may be included in another, broader, discipline, and that broader discipline is represented by its own color (e.g.: oratory, assigned silver gray trim, is generally regarded as among the liberal arts [arts], represented by white trim), the graduate should wear the color of the more specific field (in this case, silver gray for a degree in oratory, rather than white for liberal arts).
Conversely, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline, which are represented by different colors, e.g.: history has traditionally been considered as among the humanities, represented by white, while also considered a social science, which can be represented by golden yellow. This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence (but not determine) color assignment. For instance, a Bachelor of Arts graduate in history might display white, while a Bachelor of Science graduate in history at the same institution could properly display golden yellow (or, theoretically, vice-versa), thereby creating confusion in appearing to display colors based on degree earned rather thans stipulated in the Codecademic field studied.
In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is awarded in any number of fields:
In the case of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, the dark blue color is used to represent the mastery of the discipline of learning and scholarship in any field that is attested to by the awarding of the degree, and it is not intended to represent the field of philosophy.
The doctorate other than the Ph.D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example, the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Public Health should display salmon pink for public health, not light blue for education, and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for public administration, not salmon pink for public health. The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Divinity (Div.D.) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc.
Adornments
A number of other items such as cords, stoles, aiguillettes, etc. representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of some degree-granting institutions. Technically, however, the ACE code does not allow their use on or over academic regalia:
"Other Apparel - Shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown." (emphasis added)
American academic dress is typically closed at the front and properly worn with the prescribed cap, as well as the hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown other items such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.
Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the ACE code does not allow it, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the Commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here.
Medals/medallions
When worn about the neck, medals/medallions may not be in conflict with the Code if worn beneath the hood and if appropriate (see Academic robes, above) visible only with the gown open.
The Code's exception is only for special regalia prescribed by the institution for a chief marshal, the university or college president, etc. which may include medallions or other devices symbolic of the office. The concept of the medallion as an indication of authority is traced to the Middle Ages. As a medallion in this case is symbolic of the office and not academic achievement, once the wearer leaves the office they are no longer entitled to wear it. Therefore, it is not a component of an individual's academic regalia, but a component of the regalia for the office.
Honor cord
Honor cords usually consist of twisted cords with tassels on either end. They are sometimes awarded for various academic achievements, or to members of honor societies. Often, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sashes, stoles, or medallions are also awarded in place of cords. Any of these items are customarily worn with non-academic attire, as well. With cap and gown, and hood when utilized, some educational institutions have permitted these cords to complement the regalia of a high school or university candidate, ignoring the ACE Code to the contrary. Unlike hoods, tassels and stoles, custom allows more than one cord to be worn at the same time.
Opposition to academic attire
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As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of protest, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the African-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) in the United States.
Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies.
Academic dress in France
In France, academic dress, also called the toge (from the word toga, an ancient Roman garment) is similar to French judges' court dress, except for its colour, which depends on the academic field in which the wearer graduated. It is nowadays little worn, except by doctors during the opening of the university year or the ceremony for a doctorate honoris causa. For doctors,Mbt Staka Sandalen, it consists of:
a long gown (a bit similar to a cassock) with a long row of buttons (traditionally, 33, but nowadays usually less) in front and a train at the back (which in the current costume is not visible but attached with a button in the inner side of the gown). The gown is in two colours: black and the standard colour of the academic field in which the wearer graduated (see below), with simarras (two vertical bands in the front of the gown).
an pitoge (epitoga): a piece of cloth with white fur stripes (three for doctors) attached by a button on the left shoulder, with a rectangular ,long, thin tail in the front and a triangular, shorter, broad tail in the back (both tails carry the fur stripes); its colour is that of the relevant academic field. The epitoga has evolved from the academic hood, which explains why the French academic dress does not include a hood.
a long, wide belt or sash, either black or of the colour of the relevant academic field, ended by fringes (which may be golded or of the same colour as the belt), and attached with a broad ornamental knot.
a white rabat (jabot), over which a white tie may be worn for ceremonial occasions. Il is made of lace for the Dean of the Faculty, the President of the University, and a few other officials; of plain cotton for others.
only for men, a mortarboard of the colour of the relevant academic field with a golden stripe, which is usually not worn but carried (since anyway the academic dress in France is rarely worn outdoors, and men are supposed not to wear hats indoors), and often even omitted.
theoretically, white gloves, which are not worn anymore.
The colours of the various academic fields are daffodil (yellow) for literature and arts, amaranth (purplish red) for science, redcurrant (reddish pink) for medicine, scarlet red for law, and violet (purple) for theology. University rectors, chancellors or presidents wear also specific costumes, which are violet regardless of the academic field in which they graduated.
Field of graduation
Colour name
Colour aspect
Divinity (and all high officials regardless of the field)
Violet (Purple, specifically the Royal Purple shade)
Law (colour also worn by high magistrates)
carlate (Scarlet)
Medicine (and health-related fields)
Groseille (Redcurrant, a reddish shade of pink)
Science (exact and experimental)
Amaranthe (Amaranth)
Arts, literature, philosophy, humanities
Jonquille (Daffodil, a shade of yellow)
The dress exists in two versions: the petit costume ("small costume") and the grand costume ("great costume"). Both are identical in form, and differ only in the presence or absence of the mortarboard and the repartition of colours on the gown and sash (the other elements of the dress, especially the epitoga, being identical for both):
for the petit costume, the gown is all black, except the simarras which are of the colour of the academic field; the buttons are black; the sash and its fringes moir black; the mortarboard is usually not worn;
for the grand costume, the gown is black between the simarras, which are moir black, and of the colour of the academic field on the sides and on the sleeves, except their turn-ups, which are black; the buttons are of the colour of the academic field; the sash is of the colour of the academic field, its fringes may be either the same colour or gold.
In formal occasions, the grand costume is equivalent to white tie, whereas the petit costume is equivalent to black tie.
Academic dress in Germany
The German academic dress is called "Talar" (with the accent on the second "a": talr; from Latin talare which means to the ankles), and can be described as the normal black long gown with wide sleeves common to all scholars in Europe and America. It can be traced back to the every day clothes of the scholars in the Middle Ages. The same word Talar is also used for the robes of Protestant (Lutheran) pastors, judges, and rabbis, although these gowns often differ more or less in cut, length, drappings, and sometimes even in color (the gowns of the German Supreme Court are e.g. completely dark red).
Academic dresses of the Free University of Berlin
In Germany only the rectors, deans, professors, and lecturers wore the gownsot students or graduates. Each German university had its own system of colors and drapings, which differs from that of British and American universities (for example, theology is normally not bright red but dark purple, similar to the French system). After the so-called "student's revolution" following the years of 1967, all German universities dropped their academic dress because they were identified by the (at that time mostly socialist influenced) students with right-winged conservatism and reactionism: The famous slogan "Unter den Talaren - Muff von 1000 Jahren" (beneath the gowns the fug of 1000 years) refers not only to the old traditions of the middle ages, but also to the Nazi regime and their self-declared "empire of 1000 years".
It was not until recently that some universities started to use their traditional academic dress again. For example, the University of Bonn re-adopted academic dress in 2005 for the first time since 1969. Today many young and newly founded universities also use academic dress, not to revive old traditions but to follow Anglo-American examples.
Chinese academic dress
Main article: Chinese academic dress
This section requires expansion.
The Portuguese traje
Main article: Praxe
In most Portuguese universities and other types of higher education institutions, usage of academic dress for undergraduates, or traje acadmico is still widespread and has even gained popularity in recent decades.[citation needed] The traje is composed of black trousers (or skirt, for female students), white shirt, black tie, a black overcoat, known as batina (in the case of male students, the classical traje also includes a black vest) and a black robe. Some Portuguese higher education institutions have their typical academic outfit which differs greatly from that born in the ancient University of Coimbra. This is the case, for example, of those worn by the students of the University of the Algarve and Minho University.
Usage is generally restricted to the first weeks of the semester, during the introductory and reception activities which make part of the Praxe tradition. In some older institutions, where traditions are better implemented, one can see students trajados during the entire year, though.
Sweden and Finland
A traditional Finnish technology student's hat from the Helsinki University of Technology. (photograph taken on top of a mirror)
Finnish doctoral hat for a doctor of science from the University of Oulu.
Finland and Sweden have similar traditions when it comes to academic dressing. For finer academic situations white tie is usually worn, however, often together with special headwear or even a cape.
In Finland and Sweden students of technology wear a special kind of cap called a studentmssa. It is similar to the cap given to all high-school graduates in both countries, but features a tuft and different kind of cockade showing what university the bearer is attending. Technology students generally wear their caps much more frequently, and thus the tuft often symbolizes university-engineers. Although different universities have different etiquettes regarding the use of the cap, it is generally not awarded to the student before he or she has completed the first year of studies. The technology student's hat may also be worn in quite informal occasions, such as together with the "party overalls" worn as part of the student culture at many universities.
In both countries also many universities have doctoral hats for persons who have completed a Ph.D. or similar degree, these are usually top hats. At some universities, a doctoral ring is awarded together with the hat. In the Ingmar Bergman film, Wild Strawberries, an important scene is the conferral of a Jubilee doctor degree on the main character at the University of Lund, which includes the presentation of such a hat and ring. At the University of Helsinki wearing a cape and a sword together with the doctoral hat is common. Students of the student organization "Limes" are also often seen wearing a black cape.
Materials
In general, the materials used for academic dress are heavily influenced by the climate where the academic institution is located, or the climate where the graduate will usually be wearing the costume (as a faculty member at another institution, for example). In either case, the ACE allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, and heavier materials elsewhere. In addition, it acknowldges cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk as appropriate.
The materials used for academic dress varies and range from the extremely economical to the very expensive. In the United States, most Bachelor and Master degree candidates are often only presented the "souvenir" version of regalia by their institutions or authorized vendor, which are generally intended for very few wearings and are comparatively very inexpensive. For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the only time they wear academic regalia, and so they rent their gowns instead of buying them. These rented (or hired) gowns are often made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester whilst Russell cord, silk or artificial silk gowns are only available when bought. Undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them.
People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as princetta, poplin, crosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, bengaline, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, ottoman (i.e. ribbed or corded silk), taffeta, satin, alpaca,MBT Tariki Schuhe, true silk, shot silk or a mixture. Pure ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive. Some gowns may be trimmed with gimp lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration.
In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods (especially those of the UK) which range from rabbit to ermine. In the past, sheepskin was widely used. Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost and animal rights concerns. Some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur.
Doctor's robes usually use wool flannel, Panama, damask or brocade and are brightly coloured (or black, but faced with a bright colour) to distinguish them from lower degrees. They tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have a special undress version so adding to the cost of a full set.
A full set may cost about $360 (180) for cheap materials to as much as $5800 (2900) for high quality materials. Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower.
See also
Academic procession
Encaenia
Academic stole
Chinese academic dress
Ede and Ravenscroft
Graduation
The Burgon Society
The Central Institute London
Academic dress details for the following universities are available via these links:-
United Kingdom and Ireland
Academic dress of the University of Bristol
Academic dress of the University of Cambridge
Academic dress of Durham University
Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh
Academic dress of the University of Exeter
Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire
Academic dress of the University of Kent
Academic dress of the University of Leeds
Academic dress of the University of London
Academic dress of the University of Nottingham
Academic dress of the University of Oxford
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
Academic dress of the University of Wales
Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Academic dress of the University of Warwick
Academic dress of the University of Dublin
Undergraduate gowns in Scotland
Lambeth degree academic dress protocol
Others
Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Academic dress of Harvard University
Academic dress of universities in Queensland, Australia
Academic dress of University of Melbourne
Bibliography
Books
Fowler, J. T. (1904), Durham University: earlier foundations and present colleges. London: F. E. Robinson & Co.
Goff, Philip (1999), University of London Academic Dress. London: University of London Press. ISBN 0-7187-1608-6
Shaw, George W. (1966, 1995), Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities. Chichlester: Philmore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033974-X
Shaw, George W.; Groves, Nicholas (ed.); et al. (2009), Shaw's Academical Dress. (3rd edition of Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities)
Groves, Nicholas (2002, 2003, 2008), Key to the Identification of Academic Hoods of the British Isles. London: Burgon Society.
Groves, Nicholas; Kersey, John (2002), Academical Dress of Music Colleges and Societies of Musicians in the United Kingdom. Norfolk: Burgon Society. ISBN 0-9544110-0-5
Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W.N. (1963), A History of Academical Dress in Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Venables, D.R. & Clifford, R.E. (1998), 8th ed., Academic Dress of the University of Oxford. Oxford: Shepherd & Woodward. ISBN 0-9521630-0-4
Journals
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2004), The Burgon Society Annual 2003.
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2005), The Burgon Society Annual 2004. ISBN 0-9544110-6-4
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2006), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 5. ISBN 0-9544110-7-2
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 6. ISBN 0-9544110-8-0
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 7. ISBN 0-978-9544110-5-3
Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2002), The Burgon Society Annual 2001.
Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2003), The Burgon Society Annual 2002.
Electronic
Sullivan, Eugene (ed.) An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide, American Council on Education. Reprinted with permission from American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition (1997). Walter de Gruyter, Inc.
Smagorinsky, Margaret. The REGALIA of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia. The Trustees of Princeton University (Printed by Office of Printing and Mailing), 1994. Accessed 09/26/2008.
Further reading
American Council on Education staff (1997). American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. ISBN 0-2759874-5-0
Belting, Natalia Maree (1956), The History of Caps and Gowns, New York: Collegiate Cap & Gown Co. via Internet Archive
Franklyn, C.A.H. (1970), Academical Dress from the Middle Ages to the Present Day Including Lambeth Degrees. Lewes: WE Baxter.
Haycraft, F.W. (1948), 4th ed. rev. Stringer, E.W Scobie, The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Cheshunt Press.
Rashdall, H. (1895, 1936), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Rogers, F.R.S., Franklyn, C.A.H., Shaw, G.W., Boyd, H.A. (1972), The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Lewes: WE Baxter.
Smith, H.H., Sheard, K. (1970),Mbt Schuhe Meli, Academic Dress and Insignia of the World. Cape Town: AA Balkema.
Wood, T.W. (1882), The Degrees, Gowns and Hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American Universities and Colleges. London: Thomas Pratt & Sons.
References
^ Shaw (1995), p. 3
^ e.g. Burgon Society: Robes
^ History and Archives of the American College of Surgeons; Highlight of the Month October 10, 2005; The Clinical Congress: Then and Now, accessed 01/29/2008.
^ Goff, pp. 13-14
^ Warwick Graduation: Practical advice by Dr. Nicholas Jackson, FBS
^ University of Sheffield: What should I wear?
^ The Burgon Society: The Design of Academical Dress (6th May 2007) Classification of Styles
^ Burgon Society: Introduction (02 Nov 2008)
^ Burgon Notes, Autumn 2008.
^ a b c Shaw (1995); pp. 4-7
^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley, pp. 91-101, 128-135, 146, 148-149
^ Shepherd & Woodward: Oxford University student gowns
^ CU Cap & Gown Society: Gown-spotter's guide
^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley, pp. 138-145
^ William Gibson,Mbt Schuhe Flamme, The Regulation of Undergraduate Academic Dress at Oxford and Cambridge, 16601832, The Burgon Society Annual 2004, pp. 2641.
^ Burgon Transactions 2005 (2006); pp. 50-53
^ Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge, Chapter II.
^ Andrew Cusack: The 'New South' Scorns an Old Mace Photo of Vice-Chancellor, Dr. McCrady, wearing a cappa clausa
^ Fowler, Appendix VIII: "CONVOCATION HABIT: Scarlet cassimere, with palatinate purple buttons, to be worn under the gown at all Convocations."
^ Burgon Transactions 2005 (2006); pp. 42-58
^ Burgon Annual 2003 (2004); pp. 1823
^ Groves (2008), Hood Key
^ Shaw (1995); p. 8
^ Burgon Transactions vol. 5 (2006); pp. 80-89
^ Goff; pp.22-23
^ Klerikale Kopfbedeckungen: Kopfbedeckungen 1 (image heavy; 700+)
^ The Australian: King's bans mortarboards as old hat
^ Groves, Nick. The Academical Dress of The University of East Anglia. pp. 1112
^ Shaw (1966); pp. 94-95
^ Venables (1998)
^ July 2008 conversation, Public Services Archivist, University Archives, Columbia University in the City of New York.
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Historical Overview
^ a b Smagorinsky. The REGALIA of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia. Page 5.
^ About - The Order of Gownsmen - Sewanee:: The University of the South
^ New York Times. "Gowns for College Men; Academic Costumes in American Universities (1896): Plan to Secure a Uniform Practice in the Use of the Caps and Gowns in This Country So that the Degree of the Wearer, the Faculty Under Whom It Was Obtained, and the Institution Conferring It May Be Readily Seen." Sunday, April 26, 1896.
^ - Kindergarten graduation in the United States
^ a b c d e Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Gowns
^ a b c d Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Some Permissible Exceptions
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Linings
^ a b c d Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Trimmings
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Length
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Additional Guidance on Costume
^ FCLC Commencement Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed 12/15/2008
^ a b c d e f g h Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Wearing the Costume
^ a b c d e f g Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps
^ About Penn State: University Symbols
^ Famous photo of students in 1967 revolting in Hamburg in front of fully dressed scholars
^ 2005: First use of gowns in Bonn since 1969
^ &arefid=252 El traje acadmico. Composicin. Partes. Colores y titulaciones. Facultades. July 17, 2008 (accessed).
^
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Gowns, Material
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps, Material
^ American English uses 'rented', British English uses 'hired'.
^ An Ede & Ravenscroft Oxford MA hood made of pure Ottoman silk will cost around 347. Source: (21 September 2007)
^ The cost difference between artificial and real fur can be as much as a few hundred pounds.
^ Ede & Ravenscroft: Oxford DMus undress and full dress academic dress costs 2910 (undress gown: 181, hood: 409, rigid mortarboard: 80, full dress gown: 2117, velvet bonnet: 123). Information retrieved 18 May 2007.
^ Hired hoods are usually partially lined instead of fully lined when the regulations specify a fully lined hood. However, there are some cases where a hood that is specified as fully lined in the regulations, in practice, is part-lined to save on materials. This is especially the case for Glasgow full-shape hoods [f9] as they are large and most of the lining may not be seen when worn.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Academic dress
The Burgon Society Promotes the interest in and the formal study of academic dress.
The New York Times Article about the history of academic dress.
University of London Academic Dress Publication concerning University of London academic dress.
Ede & Ravenscroft Biggest and oldest robemaker in the UK.
Cambridge University Cap & Gown Society Promotes gown and cap wearing at Cambridge University including history
American Council on Education The authority on academic regalia in the United States.
Klerikale Kopfbedeckungen Pictures, information and literature of some academical caps, especially academical birettas (in German)
Decoding Graduation Caps & Gowns Video explores the meaning and mystery behind graduation attire.
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Overview
Academic dress for Masters in Singapore with description
The academic dress found in most universities in the British Commonwealth and the United States is derived from that of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which was a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the medieval universities of Europe.
Formal or sober clothing is typically worn beneath the gown so, for example, men would often wear a dark suit with a white shirt and tie, or clerical clothing, military or civil uniform, or national dress, and women would wear equivalent attire. Some older universities, particularly Oxford and Cambridge, have a prescribed set of dress (known as subfusc) to be worn under the gown. Though some universities are relaxed about what people wear under their gowns, it is nevertheless considered bad form to be in casual wear or the like during graduation, and a number of universities may bar finishing students from joining the procession or the ceremony itself if not appropriately dressed (though this sometimes refers only to requiring the proper wear of academic dress and not what is worn beneath it, if unseen).
British academic dress
There is a distinction between different types of academical dress. Most recently, gowns, hoods and caps are categorised into their shape and patterns by what may be known as the Groves Classification of Academic Dress, which is based on Nicholas Groves's document, Hood and Gown Patterns. This lists the various styles or patterns of academic dress and assigns them a code or a Groves Classification Number. For example, the Cambridge BA style gown is designated [b2] and a hood in the Cambridge full-shape is designated [f1], etc.
The Burgon Society was founded in 2000 to promote the study of academic dress. It has publications and activities to do with academic dress and is currently in the process of updating Shaw's book on British and Irish academical dress for publication.
Gown
The modern gown is derived from the roba worn under the cappa clausa, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least minor orders, and were required to wear the cappa or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark colour.
An alternative coloured gown, Open University, MEd.
The gowns most commonly worn, that of the clerical type gowns of Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. Both are traditionally made of black cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the university's colours) and have the material at the back of the gown gathered into a yoke. The BA gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the MA gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow.
There are two types of yokes which are used for gowns. The more traditional is the curved yoke, whilst the square or straight yoke is used more in modern times.
Another type of gown is called the lay type gown, which is similar to the MA gown in that it has long closed sleeves, but does not have a yoke. Instead, there is a flap collar with the gathers underneath it. Thus it is less voluminous than the clerical type gown. This gown is often used for the dress of officers and graduates of some degrees (especially at Oxford and Durham).
In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba.
Some gowns may have 'strings' (i.e. grosgrain ribbons) attached to them behind the lapels. These in the past were tied together to hold the gown together but are now merely indicators of rank, such as in Cambridge where strings indicate one is a full member (i.e. BA or MA, etc), or just for decoration.
Dress and undress gowns
The festal gown and hood of the Cambridge MusD.
Since medieval times, doctors, like bishops and cardinals, have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colours such as scarlet, purple or red. In many older universities, doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes (sometimes called "festal robes") which are worn on special occasions. There are two distinctive shapes used in the UK for doctor's gown; the Oxford doctor's shape and the Cambridge doctor's shape. The former has bell-shaped sleeves, the latter has long open sleeves. Another rarer form is the Cambridge MusD dress gown which is a pattern between the two.
The other form of doctor's gown is the undress gown. This is a black gown (which may or may not be distinct from the master's gown depending on the university; if it is, it usually is trimmed with lace, braid or other subtle indicators of rank) worn for less formal occasions such as lectures. This type of gown is rarely seen or worn nowadays as many wear the dress gown instead; there are fewer applications for the undress gown in normal university life. However, the undress gown still plays a part in the older universities where academic dress is usually worn. At Cambridge, each doctor has its own undress gown, each trimmed differently, meaning one can identify the degree of the wearer without the hood (the same is also for bachelors and masters gowns at Cambridge). St Andrews prescribes a cassock-like gown with a row of buttons running down the front, coloured according to the degree, and is meant to be worn closed. This gown is worn as the undress gown for higher doctorates, with a Cambridge-type gown for full dress. The two may be worn together or separately.
In the universities of the UK there are days called scarlet days or red letter days. On such days, doctors of the university may wear their scarlet 'festal' or full dress gowns instead of their undress ('black') gown. This is more significant for the ancient universities such as Oxford and Cambridge where academic dress is worn almost daily; the black undress gown being worn on normal occasions as opposed to the bright red gowns. Since most universities have abandoned academic dress to the graduation ceremony (where doctors wear always scarlet), the significance of scarlet days have all but disappeared.
Undergraduate gowns
See also: Undergraduate gowns
See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland
Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns; the most common essentially a smaller knee-length version of the BA gown, or the Oxford Commoners gown which is sleeveless lay type gown and has two streamers at the back at Oxford. At Cambridge, most colleges have their own distinctive design of gown. This is not the case at the Ancient Scottish universities, such as the University of St Andrews,Mbt Schuhe Koshi, where the undergraduate gown is scarlet and typically features a velveteen collar. Undergraduate gowns are seldom worn (even in institutions that prescribe them) nowadays except in the older universities. Most new universities do not prescribe them since academic dress has fallen out of daily use so students would hardly, if ever, wear them.
In the past, undergraduates wore gowns according to their rank; for noblemen they wore coloured gowns with gold gimp lace, buttons and other decorations whilst fellow-commoners, gentleman-commoners, scholars, commoners, pensioners, sizars, battelers and servitors wore black gowns of decreasing flamboyance based on their standing in the universities.
Habit
The Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge wearing the cope (cappa clausa) led by a bedel.
Another form of dress, now rarely seen, is the habit, which is worn over a black gown. Only Oxford and Cambridge (though Durham in theory also) use habits and mainly reserve their use for very formal ceremonial occasions and to a specific group of academics or officials.
The Convocation habit used at Oxford is a scarlet sleeveless garment worn over the black gown, with the sleeves of the gown pulled through the armholes. It is similar to a bishop's chimere except that it is worn closed with two large buttons. It is worn by doctors at meetings of Convocation or Congregation by those presenting candidates for degrees.
Even more rare and ancient is the cappa clausa or cope, a large scarlet cloak with an ermine shoulder piece worn by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge, or a deputy, when admitting to degrees, and by anyone presenting new higher doctors or BDs for admission to their degrees. The cope was once used by Vice-Chancellors of some universities outside Cambridge in the past (such as in the University of the South) but it has fallen out of use.
In Durham, the early statutes permit the wearing of a convocation habit but 'under the gown' thought later statutes say 'with gown' instead of under it. The Durham habit survives as part of the dress for the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor which are worn under their laced gowns. There are two forms; one is sleeveless like the Oxford pattern and the other is sleeved so more like a cassock than a habit. In theory, doctors could wear the sleeveless type over their black undress gowns like in Oxford but this is very rare as many do not know that they are entitled to it.
Other habits that have fallen into disuse include the cappa manicata which was the same as the Oxford habit except that it has two long disused sleeves dangling behind and was used by lay doctors at Cambridge, the cappa nigra which was a shorter version of the Oxford habit worn by MAs, and the tabard which was similar to a BA gown.
The Cambridge Proctors' ruff and the Oxford Proctors' tippet could also be considered another version of a habit, a mantle, but the use of these are restricted to said officials.
Hood
A modern reproduction of the original Lampeter BA hood in Cambridge full-shape [f1].
The hood was originally a functional garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. It is also worn by clergy and lay readers of the Anglican Communion in choir dress, over the surplice, and it is common in cathedrals, churches, and chapels for the choirmaster and/or members of the choir to wear an academic hood to which they are entitled during services, over their cassock and surplice, although only for the choir offices (Morning and Evening Prayer) and not for the Eucharist.
Hoods comprise two basic patterns: full shape or simple shape. The traditional full-shape hood consists of a cape, cowl, and liripipe, as is used at Cambridge. At Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods use simple hoods that have lost their cape and retain only the cowl and liripipe. Some universities only have a cape and cowl and no liripipe; these are referred to as the Aberdeen shape. Various other universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods, in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded, and in others representing a completely new design.
The colour and lining of hoods in academic dress represents the rank and/or faculty of the wearer. In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with coloured silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with coloured silk. Faculty colours were introduced by the University of London and many universities followed suit.
The hood is nearly always worn with a gown though there are some exceptions such as Oxford doctors who do not wear a hood with their festal robes (though this regulation is often ignored at graduation ceremonies at other universities when Oxford doctors are sitting in the faculty).
The neckband of the hood usually has a loop of which original function is to hook onto the button of a cassock. Since many do not wear cassocks for graduation, the loop is sometimes hooked onto a shirt button instead. However, since the hood is rather heavy this has a tendency to pull the lightweight shirt upwards. The correct way to wear the hood is to allow the neckband to naturally hook itself onto the collar under the tie which secures the hood in place. Sometimes, the hood is worn too forward and down being hooked onto the jacket button or pinned which causes the hood to sit badly and more be likely slip down the shoulders like a shawl.
Cap
The Bishop Andrewes cap as used for University of Cambridge DDs.
The PhD pileus of the University of Sussex.
The academic cap or square, commonly known as the mortarboard, has come to be symbolic of academia. In some universities it can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back.
The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher cap (or simply trencher). The tassel comprises a cluster of silk threads which are fixed together and fastened by a button at one end, and fixed at the centre of the headpiece. The loose strands are allowed to fall freely over the board edge. Often the strands are plaited together to form a cord with the end threads left untied.
In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft rounded headpiece known as a Tudor bonnet or tam, rather than a trencher. Other types of hats used, especially in some universities in the UK, are the John Knox cap (mostly at Scottish universities), the Bishop Andrewes cap (a reinvention of the ancient form of the mortarboard, worn by Cambridge DDs) and the pileus (at Sussex). In some universities, such as Oxford, women may wear an Oxford ladies' cap.
For Catholic and some Anglican clergy, the traditional black biretta may be worn in some circumstances instead of the mortarboard. Those clerics who possess a doctorate wear the black biretta with four ridges instead of the usual three and with piping and pom of the color of the discipline, thus, e.g., emerald for canon law, scarlet for sacred theology, etc.
As with other forms of headgear, in the Commonwealth, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed with for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors, or have been abandoned altogether. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom and Ireland which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. This story is told at the University of Cambridge, Durham University, the University of Bristol, the University of St Andrews and Trinity College, Dublin among others.
The misinterpretation of some regulations has led to the confusion that certain universities do not prescribe headwear, whilst some universities have abandoned headwear for socio-political reasons, most notably the Open University, or because the designer intended it, such is the case of Vivienne Westwood and her design for King's College London.
The University of East Anglia is infamous for two new hats designed by Cecil Beaton that were prescribed. One is known as the 'Dan Dare' or 'Mickey Mouse' cap which is a skull cap with a narrow rim around the top for bachelors; the other was known as the tricorn or upside-down iron, which was basically a mortarboard but with a triangle instead of a square for the top board for masters. These caps were unpopular with students who preferred the square and they soon fell into disuse. The tricorn is still used as the official hat of the Registrar.
Dress for university officials
Lord Patten of Barnes, Chancellor of the University of Oxford, wearing his official academic dress as the university Chancellor.
Officers of the universities generally wear distinctive and more elaborate dress. The Chancellor and the Vice-Chancellor may wear a black damask lay type gown (sometimes with a long train) trimmed with gold or silver lace and frogs. They wear a velvet mortarboard, similarly trimmed with gold braid and tassel. This form of dress is not strictly 'academical' but it is typical dress for those in high positions. Other than this gown, they may have other distinct forms of dress, such as the scarlet cappa clausa or cope worn in certain circumstances by the Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge or his/her deputy and by higher doctors presenting candidates for degrees, which was once worn by Doctors of Divinity.
Officers of lower rank may wear plain black lay type gowns, sometimes with gold or silver trim, or ordinary gowns in university colours. In general, officials do not wear hoods with their gowns.
Marshals and bedels often wear black lay-type gowns with bands and a black bonnet.
British customs
At degree ceremonies, graduands often dress in the academic dress of the degree they are about to be admitted to prior to the actual graduation ceremony. This is not the case at several of the older universities in the UK, most notably, Oxford, Cambridge and St Andrews which have their own distinct traditions.
Oxford: Prior to admission to the degree, the graduand will normally wear either the undergraduate commoner's or scholar's gown (if being admitted to the BA), or the graduate student's gown or the gown and hood of their previous Oxford/external university degree (if being admitted to a higher degree). After being formally admitted during the ceremony, they exit the Theatre and assume the gowns and hoods of their new degrees and then return to the Theatre in their new gowns and hoods. For certain degrees such as the higher doctorates and MAs, if they profess the Christian faith, the graduand may (if they wish) kneel in front of the (Vice-)Chancellor and be admitted in 'the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit' whilst being tapped on the head with the Bible.
Cambridge: Prior to admission, undergraduates wear their College undergraduate gown with the hood of the highest degree they are about to receive, graduates with degrees from other universities wear the BA/MA status gown with the hood of the highest degree they are about to receive and graduates already possessing Cambridge degrees wear the gown and hood of the highest degree they currently possess. After the ceremony day, they would wear the correct gown and hood for their new degree.
St Andrews: Prior to admission, graduands wear only the gown of the degree they are about to be admitted to. During the ceremony, they kneel in front of the Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor who formally admits them by tapping them on the head with a folded round cap whilst the bedellus puts the hood of their new degree on them. Some Scottish universities follow this practice also.
Academic regalia in the United States
Academic regalia in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic regalia followed by most, though some institutions do not adhere to it entirely, and fewer still ignore it.
History
Modern rendering of students and faculty of King's College, New York (earlier name of Columbia University), in academic dress circa 1754. The drawing was created for the university's 1954 bicentennial. (Columbia University Archives).
The practice of wearing academic regalia in what is now the United States dates to the Colonial Colleges period, and was heavily influenced by European practices and styles. Students of most colonial colleges were required to wear the "college habit" at most times - a practice that lasted until the eve of the American Civil War in many institutions of higher learning. In some rare instances the practice has persisted, such as at Sewanee, where members of one student society continue to wear the gown to class. After the civil war, academic regalia was generally only worn at ceremonies or when representing the institution. There was not, however, any standardization among the meanings behind the various costumes. In 1893, an Intercollegiate Commission made up of representatives from leading institutions was created, to establish an acceptable system of academic dress. The Commission met at Columbia College (now Columbia University) in 1895 and adopted a code of academic regalia, which prescribed the cut and style and materials of the gowns, as well as determined the colors which were to represent the different fields of learning. In 1932 the American Council on Education (ACE) authorized the appointment of a committee "to determine whether revision and completion of the academic code adopted by the conference of the colleges and universities in 1895 is desirable at this time, and, if so, to draft a revised code and present a plan for submitting the code to the consideration of the institutional members of the Council." The committee reviewed the situation and approved a code for academic costumes that has been in effect since that year. A Committee on Academic Costumes and Ceremonies, appointed by the American Council on Education in 1959, again reviewed the academic dress code and made several changes.
Although academic dress is now rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies or other academic rituals such as encaenia in the U.S. graduation ceremonies have gained popularity and have expanded from high school graduations to middle school, elementary school and kindergarten graduation ceremonies.
Academic robes (gowns)
The Harvard doctoral gown and hood, which does not entirely follow the American Council on Education system.
Professors and newly conferred doctors of philosophy posing at a Worcester Polytechnic Institute graduation.
Bachelors' and masters' gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, though bachelor's gowns are now designed to be worn closed,Mbt Laufschuhe, and all are at least mid-calf length to ankle-length. The masters' gown sleeve is oblong and, though the base of the sleeve hangs down in the typical manner, it is square cut at the rear part of the oblong shape. The front part has an arc cut away, and there is a slit for the wrist opening, but the rest of the arc is closed. The shape is evocative of the square-cut liripipe incorporated into many academic hoods (see, below). The master's gown is designed to be worn open or closed.
Doctoral robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the school's colors. The Code calls for the outside shell of the hood (see, below) to remain black in that case, however. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by bachelor's graduates, with the addition of three velvet bands on the sleeves and velvet facing running down the front of the gown, the Code calls for these to be either black or the color designated for the field of study in which the doctorate was earned (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). However, it should be noted that in the case of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), although it is awarded for study in any number of fields, the dark blue velvet of philosophy is always used regardless of the particular field studied. For example, a Ph.D. in theology would wear velvet trim in dark blue, while a Doctor of Theology (Th.D.) would wear scarlet trim. The robes have full sleeves, instead of the bell sleeves of the bachelor's gown. Some gowns expose a necktie or cravat when closed, while others take an almost cape-like form. It is designed to be worn open or closed in the front.
Members of the Board of Trustees or other governing body officers of a college or university, regardless of their degrees, are entitled to wear doctor's gowns, faced only with black velvet and black velvet bars on the sleeves. However, their hoods (see, below) may be only that of a degree actually held by the wearer, or one specially prescribed for them by the institution. The color standardization for the outside shell of the hood as black provides flexibility of use and helps facilitate this practice.
The hood
Two Doctors of Philosophy Note the five inch wide band of (Dark Blue) velvet signifying a doctorate and the field: Philosophy (see the text regarding the Ph.D.). The Universities from which they received the degree from can be told from the colors and pattern of the lining of the hood (note a Chevron as mentioned in the text). Also, note also the black velvet facings and bars which the Intercollegiate Academic Code prescribes for both Doctors as well as for College or University Trustees.
The Code calls for the shell material of the hood to match the robe, and for the color to be black regardless of the color of the robe being worn. The interior lining - generally silk - displays the colors of the institution from which the wearer received the degree, in a pattern prescribed by it (usually, if more than one color is used, chevrons or equal divisions). The opening of the hood is trimmed in velvet or velveteen.
The width of the hood velvet is 2inches, 3inches, and 5inches for the bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees, respectively. The length of the hood will vary with the level of academic achievement as well: bachelors wear a 3 foot length, masters a 3.5 foot length, and doctors a 4 foot length. Only the doctoral hood will have "panels" at the sides of the hood that lie cape-like across the back.
In most American colleges and universities, the color of the velvet hood trimming is distinctive of the academic field or as closely related as possible to which the degree earned pertains (see Inter-Collegiate colors, below). For instance, one who has earned a Master of Arts in Journalism would wear velvet trim of crimson to signify "journalism", rather than white to represent "arts"
Candidates may have the hood ceremoniously placed upon them, as is done at some British universities, or a college/school may 'self-hood' en masse at the appropriate time during the ceremony as has been the practice at Fordham University in the United States. Additionally, the Code allows for the wearing of the hood into the commencement ceremony as part of the academic procession, but only if neither of the two procedures above are being employed. The Code also states: "It is quite appropriate for the bachelor's gown to be worn without a hood." Many institutions, particularly larger ones, have therefore dispensed with the bachelor's hood at commencement ceremonies altogether, though a graduate is still entitled to wear one once the degree is conferred. Honorary or earned doctoral degrees are very often conferred by the highest academic officer of an institution bestowing the appropriate hood at the podium, regardless of the procedure being followed for other candidates at the ceremony.
Only one hood may be worn at any given time. Trim colors may not be combined or displayed together in any way to attempt to indicate more than one academic field. The regalia indicating the highest degree attained is usually worn, though the Code seems to allow for a graduate to revert for some occasion to the entire academic costume (e.g. robe style, trim width, hood length, etc.) of a lesser degree earned. Those who hold multiple degrees of the same level (i.e. more than one master's or doctorate degree) may wear at any given time the regalia, in its entirety, of any one degree earned. The Code does not allow for 'mixing-and-matching.' The regalia prescribed by an academic institution and the degree actually awarded by that institution to the wearer (as indicated by trim color, hood length, robe style, etc.) must be consistent. The one exception is for officers of the academic institution who, while wearing a doctoral gown of the University being served, may display one hood from any degree earned from any institution.(see Academic robes, above).
Mortarboard, tams and other headwear
Headwear is an important component of cap-and-gown, and the academic costume is not complete without it. The headwear will vary with the level of academic achievement and, to some extent, on the individual academic institution's specifications.
Caps - The mortarboard is recommended in the Code, and the material required to match the gown. The exceptionelvets reserved for the doctor's degree only, seen in the form of a multiple-sided (4, 6, or 8) tam, but the four-sided mortarboard-shaped tam in velvet is what the Code seems to recommend here. The only color called for is black, in all cases.
During graduation ceremonies in the United States, both women and men wear caps, and both women and men wear their caps indoors throughout most of the ceremony. The exceptions are for men during a baccalaureate service, the national anthem ("The Star-Spangled Banner"), any benediction that may be offered by a chaplain or other authority, and sometimes the singing of the alma mater if the local custom requires it. Although military and civil uniform, national costume, and clerical garb etc. are worn beneath the academic robe, traditionally only the biretta in conjunction with clerical garb will replace the academic cap. All other costumes forgo the normal headwear in favor of the appropriate academic version.
Tassel - The tassel worn on the mortarboard or a tam seems to provide, by tradition, the greatest opportunity for latitude in American academic dress. It has been black, or represented the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college, or the discipline. The tassel has also been used to indicate membership in national honor societies or other awards. However, strictly speaking, the ACE code states that "The tassel should be black or the color appropriate to the subject," and only makes an exception for the gold tassel. Just as for the use of velvet headwear, the gold metallic tassel is reserved for those entitled to wear the doctoral gown. Only one tassel is worn at a time.
There is in some colleges and universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation that would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the individual conferring of the hood or a complete change of dress part-way through the ceremony (as at Oxford in the United Kingdom). In such universities it is common for undergraduates to begin the commencement ceremony with their tassels on the right. Switching the tassel to the left may be done individually or as a group. For doctoral and masters students, the tassel commonly begins and remains on the left.
Inter-Collegiate colors
The colors allocated to the various fields of learning have been largely standardized in the United States by the Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, and accepted by the American Council on Education in its Academic Costume Code. The color assigned to a given hood trim and/or tassels andhere appropriateown facings, should be as closely related as possible to the field studied. For example, one who has earned a degree in animal husbandry would wear the maize of agriculture, as no color is specific to the subject of animal husbandry, and it is generally included within the broader field of agriculture. Less simply, mathematics is traditionally among the liberal arts (which are represented by white) while more recently associated with what has been termed the formal sciences, (which would seem to imply being represented by golden yellow for science), and thereby exposes debates about the very nature of some fields. The codified colors associated with the different academic disciplines are as shown below:
Faculty
Color
Sample
Agriculture
Maize
Arts [Liberal Arts], Letters [Literature], Humanities
White
Commerce, Accountancy, Business
Drab
Dentistry
Lilac
Economics
Copper
Education
Light Blue
Engineering
Orange
Fine Arts, Architecture
Brown
Forestry, Environmental Studies, Sustainability
Russet
Journalism
Crimson
Law
Purple
Library Science, Information Management
Lemon
Medicine
Green
Music
Pink
Nursing
Apricot
Oratory, Speech, Communications
Silver Gray
Pharmacy
Olive Green
Philosophy
Dark Blue
Physical Education, Manual Therapy, Physical Therapy
Sage Green
Public Administration, Public Policy, Foreign Service
Peacock Blue
Public Health
Salmon Pink
Science (both "Social" and "Natural")
Golden Yellow
Social Work
Citron
Theology, Divinity
Scarlet
Veterinary Science
Grey
A distinction is made in the code, which calls for a graduate to display the color of the subject of the degree obtained,MBT Sirima Schuhe, not the degree itself, the achievement level of which is indicated by the cut of the robe, the length of the hood, and the width of the trim. For example: if a graduate is awarded a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree specifically in business the trimming should be drab, representing commerce/accountancy/business, rather than white, representing the broader arts/letters/humanities; if the BA was in economics, the trim should be copper; if in environmental studies, it should be russet, etc. If the BA was in literature, a subject within the humanities (as well as the very definition of "letters") and not assigned a unique color, the velvet should indeed be white. Similarly, if a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree was awarded for physics, the velvet trim should be golden yellow, representing physics as one of the natural sciences; however, if the BS was in engineering, the trim should be orange, or if it was in education, the trim should be light blue, etc. The same method is true of master's degrees and doctorates. A Master of Public Administration in Science and Technology should show trim of golden yellow for science, not peacock blue for public administration; conversely a Master of Science in Public Administration should display peacock blue trim for public administration and not golden yellow for science.
In the case where a color is specified for a field that may be included in another, broader, discipline, and that broader discipline is represented by its own color (e.g.: oratory, assigned silver gray trim, is generally regarded as among the liberal arts [arts], represented by white trim), the graduate should wear the color of the more specific field (in this case, silver gray for a degree in oratory, rather than white for liberal arts).
Conversely, it is problematic when a field of study that does not have its own color assigned to it has been considered to be included in more than one discipline, which are represented by different colors, e.g.: history has traditionally been considered as among the humanities, represented by white, while also considered a social science, which can be represented by golden yellow. This is often addressed by an academic institution allowing the degree earned to influence (but not determine) color assignment. For instance, a Bachelor of Arts graduate in history might display white, while a Bachelor of Science graduate in history at the same institution could properly display golden yellow (or, theoretically, vice-versa), thereby creating confusion in appearing to display colors based on degree earned rather thans stipulated in the Codecademic field studied.
In 1986, the American Council on Education updated the Code and added the following sentence clarifying the use of the color dark blue for the Doctor of Philosophy degree, which is awarded in any number of fields:
In the case of the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree, the dark blue color is used to represent the mastery of the discipline of learning and scholarship in any field that is attested to by the awarding of the degree, and it is not intended to represent the field of philosophy.
The doctorate other than the Ph.D. will be represented by the colors indicated above. For example, the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in Public Health should display salmon pink for public health, not light blue for education, and the Doctor of Public Health (DrPH) in Public Administration should display peacock blue for public administration, not salmon pink for public health. The Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) degree, if no further specialization was made, should be represented by orange, and the Doctor of Divinity (Div.D.) by scarlet if no further specialization, etc.
Adornments
A number of other items such as cords, stoles, aiguillettes, etc. representing various academic achievements or other honors are also worn at the discretion of some degree-granting institutions. Technically, however, the ACE code does not allow their use on or over academic regalia:
"Other Apparel - Shoes and other articles of visible apparel worn by graduates should be of dark colors that harmonize with the academic costume. Nothing else should be worn on the academic gown." (emphasis added)
American academic dress is typically closed at the front and properly worn with the prescribed cap, as well as the hood. On the baccalaureate dress shown other items such as scarves, stoles or cords may be seen.
Apparel and tokens representing awards and honors are not considered a component of academic dress, not only because the ACE code does not allow it, but also because (a) they are often worn without the defining cap and gown, and (b) they are usually not worn by a graduate with academic robes after the Commencement year in which the honor was awarded. Nevertheless, they are often seen with academic regalia in the United States, and are therefore mentioned here.
Medals/medallions
When worn about the neck, medals/medallions may not be in conflict with the Code if worn beneath the hood and if appropriate (see Academic robes, above) visible only with the gown open.
The Code's exception is only for special regalia prescribed by the institution for a chief marshal, the university or college president, etc. which may include medallions or other devices symbolic of the office. The concept of the medallion as an indication of authority is traced to the Middle Ages. As a medallion in this case is symbolic of the office and not academic achievement, once the wearer leaves the office they are no longer entitled to wear it. Therefore, it is not a component of an individual's academic regalia, but a component of the regalia for the office.
Honor cord
Honor cords usually consist of twisted cords with tassels on either end. They are sometimes awarded for various academic achievements, or to members of honor societies. Often, cords come in pairs with a knot in the middle to hold them together. Sashes, stoles, or medallions are also awarded in place of cords. Any of these items are customarily worn with non-academic attire, as well. With cap and gown, and hood when utilized, some educational institutions have permitted these cords to complement the regalia of a high school or university candidate, ignoring the ACE Code to the contrary. Unlike hoods, tassels and stoles, custom allows more than one cord to be worn at the same time.
Opposition to academic attire
This section does not cite any references or sources.
Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008)
As part of the socio-political upheaval of the 1960s in many western cultures, eschewing academic regalia became a popular means of protest, particularly in response to the Vietnam War and the African-American Civil Rights Movement (19551968) in the United States.
Student protests, which had the effect of cancelling graduation ceremonies at some American universities, led to a general relaxing of protocols on academic attire and ceremonial pageantry. After the war, academic regalia continued to be shunned by some who considered it a symbol of elitism. However, since the 1980s, academic regalia has been in resurgence. Some colleges or academic departments allow graduating students to vote on whether or not to wear academic regalia at graduation ceremonies.
Academic dress in France
In France, academic dress, also called the toge (from the word toga, an ancient Roman garment) is similar to French judges' court dress, except for its colour, which depends on the academic field in which the wearer graduated. It is nowadays little worn, except by doctors during the opening of the university year or the ceremony for a doctorate honoris causa. For doctors,Mbt Staka Sandalen, it consists of:
a long gown (a bit similar to a cassock) with a long row of buttons (traditionally, 33, but nowadays usually less) in front and a train at the back (which in the current costume is not visible but attached with a button in the inner side of the gown). The gown is in two colours: black and the standard colour of the academic field in which the wearer graduated (see below), with simarras (two vertical bands in the front of the gown).
an pitoge (epitoga): a piece of cloth with white fur stripes (three for doctors) attached by a button on the left shoulder, with a rectangular ,long, thin tail in the front and a triangular, shorter, broad tail in the back (both tails carry the fur stripes); its colour is that of the relevant academic field. The epitoga has evolved from the academic hood, which explains why the French academic dress does not include a hood.
a long, wide belt or sash, either black or of the colour of the relevant academic field, ended by fringes (which may be golded or of the same colour as the belt), and attached with a broad ornamental knot.
a white rabat (jabot), over which a white tie may be worn for ceremonial occasions. Il is made of lace for the Dean of the Faculty, the President of the University, and a few other officials; of plain cotton for others.
only for men, a mortarboard of the colour of the relevant academic field with a golden stripe, which is usually not worn but carried (since anyway the academic dress in France is rarely worn outdoors, and men are supposed not to wear hats indoors), and often even omitted.
theoretically, white gloves, which are not worn anymore.
The colours of the various academic fields are daffodil (yellow) for literature and arts, amaranth (purplish red) for science, redcurrant (reddish pink) for medicine, scarlet red for law, and violet (purple) for theology. University rectors, chancellors or presidents wear also specific costumes, which are violet regardless of the academic field in which they graduated.
Field of graduation
Colour name
Colour aspect
Divinity (and all high officials regardless of the field)
Violet (Purple, specifically the Royal Purple shade)
Law (colour also worn by high magistrates)
carlate (Scarlet)
Medicine (and health-related fields)
Groseille (Redcurrant, a reddish shade of pink)
Science (exact and experimental)
Amaranthe (Amaranth)
Arts, literature, philosophy, humanities
Jonquille (Daffodil, a shade of yellow)
The dress exists in two versions: the petit costume ("small costume") and the grand costume ("great costume"). Both are identical in form, and differ only in the presence or absence of the mortarboard and the repartition of colours on the gown and sash (the other elements of the dress, especially the epitoga, being identical for both):
for the petit costume, the gown is all black, except the simarras which are of the colour of the academic field; the buttons are black; the sash and its fringes moir black; the mortarboard is usually not worn;
for the grand costume, the gown is black between the simarras, which are moir black, and of the colour of the academic field on the sides and on the sleeves, except their turn-ups, which are black; the buttons are of the colour of the academic field; the sash is of the colour of the academic field, its fringes may be either the same colour or gold.
In formal occasions, the grand costume is equivalent to white tie, whereas the petit costume is equivalent to black tie.
Academic dress in Germany
The German academic dress is called "Talar" (with the accent on the second "a": talr; from Latin talare which means to the ankles), and can be described as the normal black long gown with wide sleeves common to all scholars in Europe and America. It can be traced back to the every day clothes of the scholars in the Middle Ages. The same word Talar is also used for the robes of Protestant (Lutheran) pastors, judges, and rabbis, although these gowns often differ more or less in cut, length, drappings, and sometimes even in color (the gowns of the German Supreme Court are e.g. completely dark red).
Academic dresses of the Free University of Berlin
In Germany only the rectors, deans, professors, and lecturers wore the gownsot students or graduates. Each German university had its own system of colors and drapings, which differs from that of British and American universities (for example, theology is normally not bright red but dark purple, similar to the French system). After the so-called "student's revolution" following the years of 1967, all German universities dropped their academic dress because they were identified by the (at that time mostly socialist influenced) students with right-winged conservatism and reactionism: The famous slogan "Unter den Talaren - Muff von 1000 Jahren" (beneath the gowns the fug of 1000 years) refers not only to the old traditions of the middle ages, but also to the Nazi regime and their self-declared "empire of 1000 years".
It was not until recently that some universities started to use their traditional academic dress again. For example, the University of Bonn re-adopted academic dress in 2005 for the first time since 1969. Today many young and newly founded universities also use academic dress, not to revive old traditions but to follow Anglo-American examples.
Chinese academic dress
Main article: Chinese academic dress
This section requires expansion.
The Portuguese traje
Main article: Praxe
In most Portuguese universities and other types of higher education institutions, usage of academic dress for undergraduates, or traje acadmico is still widespread and has even gained popularity in recent decades.[citation needed] The traje is composed of black trousers (or skirt, for female students), white shirt, black tie, a black overcoat, known as batina (in the case of male students, the classical traje also includes a black vest) and a black robe. Some Portuguese higher education institutions have their typical academic outfit which differs greatly from that born in the ancient University of Coimbra. This is the case, for example, of those worn by the students of the University of the Algarve and Minho University.
Usage is generally restricted to the first weeks of the semester, during the introductory and reception activities which make part of the Praxe tradition. In some older institutions, where traditions are better implemented, one can see students trajados during the entire year, though.
Sweden and Finland
A traditional Finnish technology student's hat from the Helsinki University of Technology. (photograph taken on top of a mirror)
Finnish doctoral hat for a doctor of science from the University of Oulu.
Finland and Sweden have similar traditions when it comes to academic dressing. For finer academic situations white tie is usually worn, however, often together with special headwear or even a cape.
In Finland and Sweden students of technology wear a special kind of cap called a studentmssa. It is similar to the cap given to all high-school graduates in both countries, but features a tuft and different kind of cockade showing what university the bearer is attending. Technology students generally wear their caps much more frequently, and thus the tuft often symbolizes university-engineers. Although different universities have different etiquettes regarding the use of the cap, it is generally not awarded to the student before he or she has completed the first year of studies. The technology student's hat may also be worn in quite informal occasions, such as together with the "party overalls" worn as part of the student culture at many universities.
In both countries also many universities have doctoral hats for persons who have completed a Ph.D. or similar degree, these are usually top hats. At some universities, a doctoral ring is awarded together with the hat. In the Ingmar Bergman film, Wild Strawberries, an important scene is the conferral of a Jubilee doctor degree on the main character at the University of Lund, which includes the presentation of such a hat and ring. At the University of Helsinki wearing a cape and a sword together with the doctoral hat is common. Students of the student organization "Limes" are also often seen wearing a black cape.
Materials
In general, the materials used for academic dress are heavily influenced by the climate where the academic institution is located, or the climate where the graduate will usually be wearing the costume (as a faculty member at another institution, for example). In either case, the ACE allows for the comfort of the wearer, and concedes that lighter materials be used in tropical climates, and heavier materials elsewhere. In addition, it acknowldges cotton poplin, broadcloth, rayon, or silk as appropriate.
The materials used for academic dress varies and range from the extremely economical to the very expensive. In the United States, most Bachelor and Master degree candidates are often only presented the "souvenir" version of regalia by their institutions or authorized vendor, which are generally intended for very few wearings and are comparatively very inexpensive. For some doctoral graduates commencement will be the only time they wear academic regalia, and so they rent their gowns instead of buying them. These rented (or hired) gowns are often made of inexpensive polyester or other man-made synthetic fibre. In Britain, rented gowns are almost always polyester whilst Russell cord, silk or artificial silk gowns are only available when bought. Undergraduate gowns are usually made from cotton or cotton and polyester mix and are relatively inexpensive to encourage students to own them.
People who choose to buy their dress may opt for finer fabrics, such as princetta, poplin, crosgrain, Percale, cotton, wool, cassimere, broadcloth, bengaline, Russell cord or corded/ribbed material. For silk, there are a range of types including artificial silk/rayon, ottoman (i.e. ribbed or corded silk), taffeta, satin, alpaca,MBT Tariki Schuhe, true silk, shot silk or a mixture. Pure ottoman silk is rarely used except for official gowns as it is very expensive. Some gowns may be trimmed with gimp lace, cords, buttons or other forms of decoration.
In the past, fur has been used to line certain hoods (especially those of the UK) which range from rabbit to ermine. In the past, sheepskin was widely used. Most now use imitation fur instead, mainly because of cost and animal rights concerns. Some robemakers will use fur if the customer requests and pays for it, as some feel that the quality and feel of artificial fur has yet to match that of real fur.
Doctor's robes usually use wool flannel, Panama, damask or brocade and are brightly coloured (or black, but faced with a bright colour) to distinguish them from lower degrees. They tend to be the most expensive because they must be dyed in a specific colour and/or be trimmed in coloured silks. Many doctoral gowns have a special undress version so adding to the cost of a full set.
A full set may cost about $360 (180) for cheap materials to as much as $5800 (2900) for high quality materials. Usually, ex-hire gowns are available for purchase at cheaper prices though the quality may be lower.
See also
Academic procession
Encaenia
Academic stole
Chinese academic dress
Ede and Ravenscroft
Graduation
The Burgon Society
The Central Institute London
Academic dress details for the following universities are available via these links:-
United Kingdom and Ireland
Academic dress of the University of Bristol
Academic dress of the University of Cambridge
Academic dress of Durham University
Academic dress of the University of Edinburgh
Academic dress of the University of Exeter
Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire
Academic dress of the University of Kent
Academic dress of the University of Leeds
Academic dress of the University of London
Academic dress of the University of Nottingham
Academic dress of the University of Oxford
Academic dress of the University of St Andrews
Academic dress of the University of Wales
Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Academic dress of the University of Warwick
Academic dress of the University of Dublin
Undergraduate gowns in Scotland
Lambeth degree academic dress protocol
Others
Academic dress of the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology
Academic dress of Harvard University
Academic dress of universities in Queensland, Australia
Academic dress of University of Melbourne
Bibliography
Books
Fowler, J. T. (1904), Durham University: earlier foundations and present colleges. London: F. E. Robinson & Co.
Goff, Philip (1999), University of London Academic Dress. London: University of London Press. ISBN 0-7187-1608-6
Shaw, George W. (1966, 1995), Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities. Chichlester: Philmore & Co. Ltd. ISBN 0-85033974-X
Shaw, George W.; Groves, Nicholas (ed.); et al. (2009), Shaw's Academical Dress. (3rd edition of Academical Dress of British and Irish Universities)
Groves, Nicholas (2002, 2003, 2008), Key to the Identification of Academic Hoods of the British Isles. London: Burgon Society.
Groves, Nicholas; Kersey, John (2002), Academical Dress of Music Colleges and Societies of Musicians in the United Kingdom. Norfolk: Burgon Society. ISBN 0-9544110-0-5
Hargreaves-Mawdsley, W.N. (1963), A History of Academical Dress in Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Venables, D.R. & Clifford, R.E. (1998), 8th ed., Academic Dress of the University of Oxford. Oxford: Shepherd & Woodward. ISBN 0-9521630-0-4
Journals
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2004), The Burgon Society Annual 2003.
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2005), The Burgon Society Annual 2004. ISBN 0-9544110-6-4
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2006), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 5. ISBN 0-9544110-7-2
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 6. ISBN 0-9544110-8-0
Kerr, Alex (ed.) et al. (2008), Transactions of the Burgon Society: Volume 7. ISBN 0-978-9544110-5-3
Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2002), The Burgon Society Annual 2001.
Powell, Michael (ed.) et al. (2003), The Burgon Society Annual 2002.
Electronic
Sullivan, Eugene (ed.) An Academic Costume Code and An Academic Ceremony Guide, American Council on Education. Reprinted with permission from American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition (1997). Walter de Gruyter, Inc.
Smagorinsky, Margaret. The REGALIA of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia. The Trustees of Princeton University (Printed by Office of Printing and Mailing), 1994. Accessed 09/26/2008.
Further reading
American Council on Education staff (1997). American Universities and Colleges, 15th Edition. Walter de Gruyter, Inc. ISBN 0-2759874-5-0
Belting, Natalia Maree (1956), The History of Caps and Gowns, New York: Collegiate Cap & Gown Co. via Internet Archive
Franklyn, C.A.H. (1970), Academical Dress from the Middle Ages to the Present Day Including Lambeth Degrees. Lewes: WE Baxter.
Haycraft, F.W. (1948), 4th ed. rev. Stringer, E.W Scobie, The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Cheshunt Press.
Rashdall, H. (1895, 1936), The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. Oxford: Claredon Press.
Rogers, F.R.S., Franklyn, C.A.H., Shaw, G.W., Boyd, H.A. (1972), The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges. Lewes: WE Baxter.
Smith, H.H., Sheard, K. (1970),Mbt Schuhe Meli, Academic Dress and Insignia of the World. Cape Town: AA Balkema.
Wood, T.W. (1882), The Degrees, Gowns and Hoods of the British, Colonial, Indian and American Universities and Colleges. London: Thomas Pratt & Sons.
References
^ Shaw (1995), p. 3
^ e.g. Burgon Society: Robes
^ History and Archives of the American College of Surgeons; Highlight of the Month October 10, 2005; The Clinical Congress: Then and Now, accessed 01/29/2008.
^ Goff, pp. 13-14
^ Warwick Graduation: Practical advice by Dr. Nicholas Jackson, FBS
^ University of Sheffield: What should I wear?
^ The Burgon Society: The Design of Academical Dress (6th May 2007) Classification of Styles
^ Burgon Society: Introduction (02 Nov 2008)
^ Burgon Notes, Autumn 2008.
^ a b c Shaw (1995); pp. 4-7
^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley, pp. 91-101, 128-135, 146, 148-149
^ Shepherd & Woodward: Oxford University student gowns
^ CU Cap & Gown Society: Gown-spotter's guide
^ Hargreaves-Mawdsley, pp. 138-145
^ William Gibson,Mbt Schuhe Flamme, The Regulation of Undergraduate Academic Dress at Oxford and Cambridge, 16601832, The Burgon Society Annual 2004, pp. 2641.
^ Burgon Transactions 2005 (2006); pp. 50-53
^ Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge, Chapter II.
^ Andrew Cusack: The 'New South' Scorns an Old Mace Photo of Vice-Chancellor, Dr. McCrady, wearing a cappa clausa
^ Fowler, Appendix VIII: "CONVOCATION HABIT: Scarlet cassimere, with palatinate purple buttons, to be worn under the gown at all Convocations."
^ Burgon Transactions 2005 (2006); pp. 42-58
^ Burgon Annual 2003 (2004); pp. 1823
^ Groves (2008), Hood Key
^ Shaw (1995); p. 8
^ Burgon Transactions vol. 5 (2006); pp. 80-89
^ Goff; pp.22-23
^ Klerikale Kopfbedeckungen: Kopfbedeckungen 1 (image heavy; 700+)
^ The Australian: King's bans mortarboards as old hat
^ Groves, Nick. The Academical Dress of The University of East Anglia. pp. 1112
^ Shaw (1966); pp. 94-95
^ Venables (1998)
^ July 2008 conversation, Public Services Archivist, University Archives, Columbia University in the City of New York.
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Historical Overview
^ a b Smagorinsky. The REGALIA of Princeton University: Pomp, Circumstance, and Accountrements of Academia. Page 5.
^ About - The Order of Gownsmen - Sewanee:: The University of the South
^ New York Times. "Gowns for College Men; Academic Costumes in American Universities (1896): Plan to Secure a Uniform Practice in the Use of the Caps and Gowns in This Country So that the Degree of the Wearer, the Faculty Under Whom It Was Obtained, and the Institution Conferring It May Be Readily Seen." Sunday, April 26, 1896.
^ - Kindergarten graduation in the United States
^ a b c d e Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Gowns
^ a b c d Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Some Permissible Exceptions
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Linings
^ a b c d Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Trimmings
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Hoods;Length
^ a b Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Additional Guidance on Costume
^ FCLC Commencement Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed 12/15/2008
^ a b c d e f g h Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Wearing the Costume
^ a b c d e f g Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps
^ About Penn State: University Symbols
^ Famous photo of students in 1967 revolting in Hamburg in front of fully dressed scholars
^ 2005: First use of gowns in Bonn since 1969
^ &arefid=252 El traje acadmico. Composicin. Partes. Colores y titulaciones. Facultades. July 17, 2008 (accessed).
^
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Gowns, Material
^ Sullivan. The Academic Costume Code, Caps, Material
^ American English uses 'rented', British English uses 'hired'.
^ An Ede & Ravenscroft Oxford MA hood made of pure Ottoman silk will cost around 347. Source: (21 September 2007)
^ The cost difference between artificial and real fur can be as much as a few hundred pounds.
^ Ede & Ravenscroft: Oxford DMus undress and full dress academic dress costs 2910 (undress gown: 181, hood: 409, rigid mortarboard: 80, full dress gown: 2117, velvet bonnet: 123). Information retrieved 18 May 2007.
^ Hired hoods are usually partially lined instead of fully lined when the regulations specify a fully lined hood. However, there are some cases where a hood that is specified as fully lined in the regulations, in practice, is part-lined to save on materials. This is especially the case for Glasgow full-shape hoods [f9] as they are large and most of the lining may not be seen when worn.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Academic dress
The Burgon Society Promotes the interest in and the formal study of academic dress.
The New York Times Article about the history of academic dress.
University of London Academic Dress Publication concerning University of London academic dress.
Ede & Ravenscroft Biggest and oldest robemaker in the UK.
Cambridge University Cap & Gown Society Promotes gown and cap wearing at Cambridge University including history
American Council on Education The authority on academic regalia in the United States.
Klerikale Kopfbedeckungen Pictures, information and literature of some academical caps, especially academical birettas (in German)
Decoding Graduation Caps & Gowns Video explores the meaning and mystery behind graduation attire.
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